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l(f)rg:2020-05-22 Դ: ժ c

1.

Փɣfreedom of speechQ_ɡfreedom of expressionָҊ„˼ijNʽʽF(xin)@Փɵĺă(ni)@չ_߀Ѽ@ȡ˽NŒҊԼijNŒҊ

[1]@Ȼ@һ綨ǏVx[2]ڴ˽綨֮wӼйՓҲ˔UԵĽHָy(tng)x•wF(xin)ZаSʽZԣsymbolic speechwDLՓɺwһҵđՓʾɡƌWоˇ(chung)ɡuҙCP乤ˆTę(qun)hę(qun)ȗlһЩlcՓнBغϵIJһNɾφ}[3]ՓɣȰPՓʾɣҲ漰ՓɵIJ

ڷWՓɵP}ѽ(jng)һЩՓ}ӑՓ֮猦u(qun)[˽(qun)؄enjݛՓO(jin)Փ}ӑՓ@ЩӑՓҪ漰Փɵăɂ}ărֵ޶ȡǿāfW猦ՓɵPע̽ӑhhՓɵărֵǴҴҵʽؼӑՓՓɵ޶ҲȱTӑՓ@ɂ}HPՓɵărֵһ϶Եģaffirmative}@һ}̽ӑՓк΃rֵărֵcһ׷rֵl(f)_ͻr漰Փɵ޶Ȇ}޶Ȇ}һԵģnegative}Qrֵ_ͻķԭtҲһЧՓƶȰl(f)]ărֵėlՓɵ޶Փɵărֵȱٵă(ni)ļּ̽ӑՓк΃rֵ̽ӑ@Щrֵcһ׷rֵl(f)_ͻrȡηNԭtȥ̎Еr҂á桱һ~rֵһ~ӑՓߵĺxһӵġ

2.Փɵărֵ

2.1.Փɵărֵc^׃

Փɵărֵcһ^е“(lin)ϵЩ^(gu)߉݋ϵĸ(j)˸(j)toY(ji)ărֵJijN^ζҪJijNʽՓɻՓijһărֵ@Щ^ՓɵijNrֵJɡ˚w{@ՓcijЩ^ĜYԴPϵԱՓɵ̵Փ(j)҂õՓһܰl(f)]ărֵo@Щ^Ҫ֪Rc^^P˵^

һP֪Rc^cՓP“(lin)_Ǵڵôǽ^ձĺͲ׃߀ЗlĺͰl(f)չ˼횽y(tng)һijN߀Sx׷ķʽǽfӑՓ߀ǽ及͉@Щ}IJͬ𰸣QһՓɵĴں޶

Ψһ^mȫڹ̶׃Ăy(tng)ͽ(jng)֮ôՓɲH]дڵıҪкܴı׺˂ֻÿՏij̎Iȡ̗lָʾȻkijN˼뱻Ĥݞ㲻׃Ľ̗lĕrһµ˼пܱǑĮаf

ЗlģôɵӑՓHҪґԁN֪R͌WƵİl(f)չCIJ\ӡ׃Ͱl(f)չʹ҂ijһAϫ@õ֪RһNr|(zh)ֻǞԺMһJR춨˻A˵JRһr܉ʹֹͣl(f)չ܉ȫ_JRֹͣl(f)չ֮ǰ㲻ֹܽӑՓÿһrJRڕrgͿg϶޵@N^Փɵ֪RՓA

ڶP^^ĺǂc֮gPϵԁ@N^ģǽͬcڙ(qun)ĻA֮Ĵ(qun)͡ɞеԒZ@N^`ρԴڽYa(chn)AՓρԴڼs˵˵ČWf˵J༴Mÿһɲ܄ZȡȻ(qun)ԵĿ]ˌȻ(qun)һ׌cʹȻ(qun)@ø׮?sh)ıĿڴˣǙ?qun)޵

@N^J飬ÿһ˶е˽ߺҌPÿһˌӰ푵ĹQаl(f)ԺֱӻgӅcę(qun)@N^߀Jһַ˽g˵ărֵԼЄӁwF(xin)@N˽˿gζ˼cՓɡ

c^nj˼xкܶNһͬcҕČڽy(tng)ߡՓǡ෴ҕ(zh)ߏČ񣬞Ĵˡ˼JhՓ³ԽıuǴ治^JȻĹͬ͞Ҹڣxea(chn)ؓ؟uȻ

P˵^Уδ_һǸNʽĉՓɵδ_HÁָ񱊵ˮƽ㣬ָڵDz񱊵ˮƽr㲻܉?q)sĸNҊ^c_ķǵД
ڵϲrܵNΣUԡՓMЉΣU@Nr횽ܸʿָ회cNΣUԡՓ^_ͬrҲCġΣUԡՓ@N^Č|(zh)˂cϵIJƽȡIcȺȻЄeֻٔ(sh)˿IIԡǻ(jng)͵Ʒ|(zh)һǂ󡢹s_IһеҲ`c^˸(j)Փɵ˼ЃɂԴ^һWһ׵ġ

ڻW˼֧һеĕr̕JIΨһy(tng)ĽcҕһȺҕؓ؟ʹʾܵȾʹܵ`Jϵһ֪ԴȪJԼ˽ͨнˉŔĽጙ(qun)͵þȵĿԡ@NȻy̲ͬ•ĴHڽ̲Ľg̼ܺͻOؑP^Į˷҇ƽͽxʥ(jng)ԭδ(jng)ʵWƽͽeݬ_ؽxʥ(jng)

@N˼׷Դ԰DDՓJ˵`֘(gu)ɵģc[4]ƽyʹc_IJּԵIQ֮DzܳԳֵijЩԻʧО鲻cĿһ[5]܌Wa philosopher-kingߵԣ܉Կc܉͸^sĬF(xin)󿴵һı|(zh)܉l(f)F(xin)_һЛQ܌WҎ(gu)ľÇĻҎ(gu)ƶˇ(chung)Ҏ(gu)ɺģʽQЩƷṩoܺ͞һ^һe`ˇg(chung)

@NҕԺ͵˼ڽ̸ĸ͆\ӕrܵ(zhn)_(chung)ڽ̸ĸ֮•·ŷQxfҪ(j)˽u(qun)Փ@һՓͨĂYuW}{Լ\ţcϵͨx@һN޵֪NՓɵѿ@ѿܠD˕rɞ_ę(qun)ҪǰߵġՓɡͺߵġՓڽ̌ݡ}ڽՓ[6]fՓڽɵĸa(chn)Ʒ

\ּڴ_һNţ-ԑ{Լ
ҪȻĜYԴԫ@һJRƽȵ޵^u˽ƽȵһJRRce`ecŒę(qun)ÿһ˶Ƚ(jng)xٔ(sh)ˣǷǽy(tng)Ī•Q鱣oơև`ôͿ⵽HpȻÿ˶ԽһϢҊȻ\ԼДÿ˶ԅcİl(f)F(xin)cl(f)չֻҪǹŒǷÿ˶Ը(j)֪JRcl(f)_e`Ҋͬrÿ˵c(jng)򞷶J޵κκһ˻һȺ˶̽ӑꮅʹֹͣ˼HHaÿһ˵Ľ(jng)򞌦˶ԶDzͬģ໥ĽҪ؄eǣÿһ˶пܷe`ܠDfһc҅s֪һһͬװl(f)e`[7]Ȼ҂Ƿãܽ^رC҂ԽԞ㲻܉ƲͬҊİl(f)

ԁ˱ҕ־w⼴εw_ijЩrÿ˽ԱJuijijĵxĶQ߀Ǿܽ^ДԼОĵxͳĺfһ˻һȺҪ˵ĵָڱڵƷϴȼ^(q)@Nf`εԭt@ζֻҪһ˵О錦]И(gu)ΣxڵϢ԰l(f)չԼĵ‚ԡܽڱoĵ²ȾcǵµġϢҊx_tһ½̻ęC(gu)Խһ㹫Ʒ֮

@N^քeՓCՓɵNrֵ1M֪Rc@
2ScȫΣ
3SocM˃rֵ
(gu)Nrֵ߉݋ǰ͸(j)

2.2. Փɵărֵ

̎^ărֵҲԱ_鹦ûՓɵărֵcՓărֵе“(lin)ϵǶ֮gą^(q)e@ȻģՓɵărֵǺՓܵƕrr^Ե

Փк΃rֵՓɵúՓ܉oˡ?gu)ʲô̎棩@ЩһֱPעՓɵՓ˼Ć}IJͬķՓCՓɵărֵ֧Փɵĸ(j)

ՓɃrֵľCf“(lin)߷Ժ󷨹ٲm˹Louis Brandeis^һеĸftһ༴ҵKĿDžf(xi)ɵذl(f)]x҇•r˼]вɃH{һ֮ϲŭJ飬ͬrĿԼֶ֮rֵſ옷E܉ɵEtš⡣֮TtͬrҲ˼Լ˼ɵر_ǰl(f)F(xin)ɢ挍֮TȱՓӑՓκxՓ֮ӑՓܰl(f)]ƽ֮ṩһm?sh)ıoԌаf֮ɢMСtҲ]ΣOĮJ酢cӑՓ֮xգ@Ҳ\r֮һ헻ԭtmȻJκһN˞֮ƶȶһЩLUts{(dio)֮Sֲ܃H˂Pđ˂˼δϣćΣU
֑֕ɵĉ
L֮֌Թ
Թt{ķ(wn)Lξð횽o˂CɵӑՓ_ȴίԼμa֮[8]

ڲm˹@һԒՓɃrֵˣRobert Bork(jng)w{1M˲֮l(f)չ
2ɱ_옷
3Mķ(wn)Լ4挍֮l(f)F(xin)c[9]ĪMelville .(c̎xһ)

B .Nimmer֮w{1Ԓܣdemocratic dialogue function༴ՓɞһεǛQ
2ɱ_ĿҌF(xin)ĽMɲ֣
3ՓһȫyIJ(wn)[10]ָĵڣ12ԸĪĵڣ2ԱMeͬ|(zh)(ni)һӵ

ĬThomas I.EmersonҲ(jng)CfՓɵărֵJՓɾķNrֵ1ٳɂ˵ҌF(xin)
2@һNֶ
3鱣CɆTcİεěQ^̵һNʽ
4S(wn)׃֮gƽ⡣[11]

ĬڷՓɃrֵcm˹ָߴͬСŒͬоĽ^(sh)Փ߽δܳķܡҲ@ܞAefՓɵărֵJSһЧՓƶڣ1M֪Rc@
2Scȫ
3SocM˃rֵJՓɾƒɷNҪrֵ1_ķ(wn)c׃֮gĺCԴMĽl(f)չ
2ƄӺͷsĻOmȻ@׷Nrֵֺ֧fں̶ܴ֮ͨ໥ֺ֧໥fġ

2.2.1.M֪R@

Փ{(dio)ՓɃrֵ҂M֪Rc@҂ɵJRһɵذl(f)҂һJ֪ô팢cև`ĶԄ@F(xin)󱊵߀һ_ěQԓA NӵϢҊ؄enjҊ߀ԼДڹ|(zh)c(zhn)֮MвNcڴ^֮У҂е֪ԽԽS

SWߌ@һMˌWϵՓCܠDܠ@(q)ʮoķ˹ЈՓĽǶٴκP@һrֵՠҲUՓ֪RMеҪܠͻķ˹ՓC

ܠl(f)һNҊĽֹoՓ@N߀Ƿ@NֹӑՓı׶ˣ

ʹһҊܰl(f)njӊZ͌F(xin)һһӣͬǂҊ˱ȌǂҊҊnjôDZZe`QęC
ҊeģôʧһͬӴǾǏce`_ͻЮa(chn)ČĸJR͸ӵӡ[12]

wܠ@cfMՓ(j)ՓCՓɌıҪԵġ[13]

һ(qun)ƵҊ_ô҂ʧȥ˫@һ_JRęC@ȻDz?sh)ġ?/p>

ڶʹȾ}ĬҊһe`ҲǶͨǺвֵһJ_ҊҲyǻIJȫȻֻнҊě_ͻʹƵơ

ʹJҊHǶȫȥҶJ(zhn)ô͕uÓһ̗lԳ˂܉JRĺHϺ͈ԳһƫҊһӵ

ģr̗lп܆ʧpıxпʧȥ˂Ʒеұ̗l׃һNʽgZHڃ(yu)ǟoҷK˂ԻH(jng)ȥwζB(yng)\

ܠՓԚwY(ji)һcՓɺҊĶF(xin)@ıҪh(hun)ڴ˭h(hun)֮УҳC\һԳCm^̣(qun)ĸֻƉ@һ^[14]

ܠҳCҊķ˹^^һWg“(lin)߷ԺһЛQIJͬҊdissenting opinionСķ˹ԭ۵Ď׾Ԓ@ӵģ

˂Rrgѽ(jng)ƷS(zhn)ԵܕԼЄӵĸ(j)@һ֮ƣthe ultimate goodΨн(jng)˼ɽQű^׫@-༴ҪyԇijN˼Ƿѷnj֮ɸЈПo@Jɡ[15]

@ġ˼c^cЈ free marketplace of ideasՓ(jng)ՓՓ

@һՓУķ˹^ǰҊӻЈՓı֮sʹ֮õ˺ܺõf@Ҳ|(zh)Ј^Uչ˼Ј^ķ˹ĝ_~^˼ҲһNƷκһNƷƷ|(zh)Ƿ(yu)ǷmϴҪͶTЈһ(yu)̭ɸܱ֮ݬЈṩһzyNƷęC͘˜˼ЈҲN^cMЈMɽɸһΕrg֮иƒ(yu)֮Ѓ(ni)f^cA^ܱ֮tпܵĽY(ji)Dzͬ^cm˲ͬߵҪʬF(xin)һҊӻľЈ_źɸm(x)MС˶N^c̎ڲızܻ򱻒^֮Q@һ^̵ıǏԣijI˵Ǵ󱊵[16]

ķ˹ġ˼c^cЈՓͶ˼Ј֮uVЈCܵܣҳɞˇ“(lin)߷ԺՓЛQՓ(j)[17]Ҳ˺ܶuSWָȫЈDzڵģH˼ЈҲһȫ_ŵЈ˼ЈϰҪɫĴ󱊂ýٔ(sh)ѳ^ͬ^c֮gĸcؔA(qun)N塢ԄeȵȄY(ji)һڴr£˼c^cЈһ̓(gu)J飬@ЩuȫՓЈڰl(f)F(xin)෴ķfՓЈĉŔͲƽΣϵKָcF(xin)֮gIJࡣb@NĴбҪijЩl³JSoЈһЩʩıҪԡ

ķ˹ܠՓ^(c)ڏ{(dio)Ҋopinion^cideas֮gɸګ@JRãՓɌ҂˽Œfactsÿ҂֪ƫ t tijһ}κ˽r˺κԸf˶аl(f)ԵęCM挍c̓ټʏs҂ԑ{Ժͽ(jng)Mԫ@ڄeNrŸo@õĸƺ͸SŒ@ͬκ{(dio)Œķͥ׌Pаl(f)ԺqՓę(qun)һӡһr^ȥĔPϵ˃Aڣ1fcŒ
2رcwŒ
ߣ3Œ̓ٵֻ׌׷fԒһֻN֪֮ͥܵŒһ֮~ДҲȻe`Ҳ׌ҷfԒʹļp_ƽչ_qՓ(j)ճ(jng)߉݋п֮g໥|(zh)cqՓд°l(f)F(xin)Œ׌ĿCҲcqՓ԰l(f)F(xin)Œؽӽڴ˻AϵДҲHĹՓҲմе_ԼڏsӵϢ\Ժͽ(jng)挍c̓_cև`Փ҂˽挍c_һlΣUĵ·̓w挍և`_Փɵ^ȣՓɵIJ

2.2.2. Sֺͽȫ

(j)һ⣬Ƕ(sh)y(tng)ߵĽy(tng)α횽ڱߵ֮ͬһйQKȡQڶ(sh)ͬՓɌεҪԱF(xin)ڣ1ՓʾͬMҽy(tng)εıҪlͻԭt]Փɼ]
2ՓƼs(qun)ͱĶ(sh)y(tng)(sh)Ҫ
Լ3ՓɴM(ni)ͬȺw֮gc֮gϵ໥Pϵ֮Փ֮ξNܣԒdialogueƼscheckingcţtrust@ɷNPϵз@Щܵģ(sh)cٔ(sh)֮gͬȺw֮g
c֮g

1. Ԓ

Ԓ༴Ԓdemocratic dialogue@Փ֮εҪͻĹܡζQKȡQڶ(sh)ҊȻ(sh)Ҋ֮γɲHҪдͬAґl(f)ڹӑՓĿgκһ؄eǬF(xin)ȫͬ|(zh)ͬ(jng)ĻȺwA?ni)Ը໥γһιͬw횽Q挦Ĺ}\󹫹}ĽQ_һ̶ȵĹRconsensus[18]RǏÿɆTģͨ^ԒγɵԒζ֮gͬȺw֮gڹ}֮Ҋ໥[19]ԒHƽȵɵtR̓ٶ挍ڏǻԸǽԸ_ɵ挍RĻA֮ϵ^Փɱ鲻ͬȺw֮g໥ԒM_ɱҪĹRṩһɳȱɿgx蹫Q

܌Wҁɽ׿ˠsAlexander MeikleiohnJՓԴҽy(tng)εҪ[20]{(dio)ָՓɌ^ЧĹQߵҪfͶƱƺy(tng)ԻӵΨһʽڑNֻPДďVɢһϵлӵڱ_@ЩӰ棺y(tng)ߵ҂RĹ}
҂회δ˾@Щ}ěQMДࣻ
҂횹ͬOӋһNʹ@ЩQǵĺЧõġ@ׂĻӽPՓɵĻ[21]ֻЮͶƱߵДǵ挍ڳϢģβxˌF(xin)@һcͶƱ߱ ȡcijһ}PͷŒijNՓJǻևġe`ģc҂ԽֹֻҪPŒ^cб_ÿ˶ҪfԒÿֵf鶼ҪfˣՓԭtȻĻԵij󷨄tǏĹ}QձͶƱ@һsƌ[22] ׿ˠsMՓpublic speechȫǽ^Ƶ[23]

׿ˠs{(dio)ɌԒڱ_QߵĹԃrֵHՓ߀ζÿڌԒԸącparticipationcҲһNrֵڌԒ҂Ա_ԼҊ҂ҊeA ҂wԼijɆT]бų֮

ԒHչF(xin)ڲͬͬȺw֮gչF(xin)c֮gõ\wF(xin)c໥֮Сһ헷Ƿһ߻QǷƽwF(xin)P棬HҪϵıCҪ ȡPҊڱҪr_صϢጹQȻՓɲwF(xin)ڌ@ЩҪ֮жwF(xin)ڌϢӵО֮С֪ʲô֪ʲô@ȻԼl(f)oٸ(j)Ϣһ{(dio)ĹQγc֮gIJp-Ԓ֮(c̎xһ)

ϢӺ͹ҊԒ^͕̾⵽ƉHHڏϢ]ЏĹϢӣԒ͕׃ɆĹݔ[24]Ȼκw֮¶һ̶ȵpΨڳՓɵw֮cČԒпܡ

2.Ƽs

ՓɌεƼswF(xin)ڃɂ棨1ՓɌ(sh)(qun)Ƽs
2(qun)Ƽs[25]

ՓɌ(sh)y(tng)Ι(qun)Ƽs漰c֮gPϵһNϵărֵɺ͙(qun)Ǹǽy(tng)Ι(qun)ȻoՓ(qun)ڶ(sh)߀ٔ(sh)пֺɡϵ˹FfҪę(qun)ɻָκFεćڱ|(zh)ɵć[26]@˻ζġ(qun)]κƼso\ȟoȶҎ(gu)to_Ľ羀(sh)y(tng)ΘOпܳɞ(sh)SOӋּڱĶ(sh)y(tng)(sh)ՓɱеһN

ζnjڶ(sh)(qun)һNƼsּڱςڶ(sh)˽(jng)֮(sh)Qʩֺ֮Ҏ(gu)(qun)(qun)֮ԲɄZnj(sh)(qun)һNƼs[27]Փɼǻ(qun)֮һՓɲͬ(qun)֮̎ڣ(sh)ͨ^?q)ٔ?sh)˵ijN(qun)MЉƕrٔ(sh)ɵӑՓԱʾҊԓ(j)Ԡȡ(sh)(ni)һЩ˵֧֣ͬɴ˵ƉԱo(qun)]Փɕr˱ܻVT֮eok[28]

ՓɲHǶ(sh)˵Փٔ(sh)˵ՓɡǞ(sh)ֵ֧һrҲDzٔ(sh)˵Փɵġ[29]@Nƌڽкģ׺ڣ1(sh)ԉٔ(sh)Փζֻɣ]߅ȻҊ|(zh)ϲǹ̶׃tҪʧȥĶ(sh)|(zh)ɞٔ(sh)˵Ҋ(zh)@NҊʧȥ|(zh)2SͬҊĴHljƻ򄃊Z˲ֹ(qun)кwďV3(sh)^Ƕٔ(sh)rЗlĽY(ji)һ֮ҊڵĶ(sh)Ҳỹ(ni)IJͬҊijһlʹڕr(sh)֮еijЩٔ(sh)ѳֳɞՓƵܺ@ڲʧȥՓɕr档ֻбÿһ˵ՓɣܱεĽl(f)չRˣHugo Blackԣ֮Փctܟo˓@N[30]o˓@NɕrҲo˿Mxϵ

@NxفՓfՓɲHDZ__ġc^cһµҊɣDZ_e`ġҊɣ
HǶ(sh)`VI·ٔ(sh)fɣ
Hu|(zh)ռy(tng)ελnj߅D(zhun)ɡһ(sh)ҊHDzҪoģٔ(sh)^ct܉֮ՓɵĺxڱoЩƫxwrֵ^ՓһÓx@һJRͺyl(f)F(xin)Փɵxˡ[31]zһՓ֮挍ԵɿĘ˜ٔ(sh)Ҋܱϵij̶ȡ

ՓɌ(qun)ƼsñF(xin)ՓɵݛՓO(jin)һ˽„յę(qun)н¶uC(gu)نTĞEÙ(qun)ȲОɣ@ڹ(qun)ʹһNO(jin)cƼsنT`ɻҎ(gu)`£Կܘ(gu)ɲОһJنTО鲻rԌ֮¶ڱl؟𹫱@ЩОעͷ„ýwݛՓO(jin)аl(f)]ҪҪҲ܉ҕ_ʽنT˾𼯕ʾظVzeLԼһw^(q)͆λڿݛՓ•ӑ𵽵ķɢV

ՓɌ(qun)ƼswF(xin)Žׂ棺1ӹ(qun)(ni)ıO(jin)CںܶrijһC(gu)֮ԕһC(gu)ʹƼscO(jin)ķš؟ݛՓĉ@Nš؟„ӛߺ͹˵Ĺ2SֺʹMC(gu)نTR3ͨ^xeCưl(f)]ɵՓg˂نTIJОĽ¶uγһݛՓһنT\KQxͶƱrur@N¶uȻӰxur@NݛՓԌ(qun)EһƼsغͶֹá

ҪݛՓO(jin)ķɸ(j)ʲôڱҕݛՓO(jin)ՓɵĹ֮һ㌎Ƿн¶ԼuنTОՓ(sh)ֻҎ(gu)Փə(qun)δἰ¶u@Nr@Nɿԏđڌ`τt˾CP̎аl(f)չǏĚvʷпđJՓɰl(f)չJu¶EÙ(qun)ȲОՓ@֮gһܺLĚvʷ^̡҇t]@Ny҇41lҎ(gu)κ·ҙCP͇ҹˆTuͽhę(qun)
ʧš^šОVظzeę(qun)@һlҎ(gu)҇н¶uنTО֮Փɵֱӷɸ(j)c35lPՓɵҎ(gu)؄eҎ(gu)cһҎ(gu)Pϵ҇һԵҎ(gu)Փ֮؄eҎ(gu)н¶uنTОՓf҇

3.

SһPϵδڵĻA@NPϵF(xin)ڃɂ棺1ͬĹȺwH໥֮gͬһο֮ГҌ鹲ͬΑҎ(gu)tηwϵҲ޶ϵĹͬ2c(jng)ֱӻgxea(chn)֮gҲ໥εġ@Ȼ]еһNPϵȻў鲻ͬιͬwܡͬһ¡Dz(wn)]еڶNPϵĻADz(wn)@ЩPƶȺµԭPϵF(xin)ѿp½څݕrF(xin)ϷΣC[32]Ć}һиͬȺwĹͬ˜I(y)ͬO˜I(y)ھScM@ɷNPϵėlĿMеġ

ScM@ɷNPϵķʽ;кܶNҪķʽ;njRĹ}͹„տɡ_ƽȵӑՓ

@NӑՓٿԴMͬȺw֮g(sh)cٔ(sh)֮g໥˽һ_ʲôһ֪ʲôϣʲôʲô֮Ȼ໥ǽ໥˽ĻA֮ϵp܉ǡƽoӑՓ}п_һՏcڌԒ֮УηΌ϶Ǵڵε֮һͨ^ɌԒęCʹ͌_һ̶ȵĺCcΡηҊһmȻݛՓ_ϳʬF(xin)һɫijǻЩδ_݆Tδ˷ŗԼ׷ҏҊһɶ@һȺwȺw@һ}_໥˽֮ͨԵӄȺwɴl(f)(yu)Ⱥw޺͔ҕwԼһw֮Ը(j)|(zh)Щͨ^Փ_Ըܿͨ^_ȥѻһNƶȡڌՓ}ϵxHɆTPϵǡͶͬ߀ǡ֮ͬ͡ȡϵx͡cͬɼ߀Ǒɼ{ȡ򡰺ͶͬƶOӋ[33]

Փ֮ڸһNPϵеһN̵Ʒ֮Ĺܣʹڴ󱊽ܺ^֮ǰxxηN·֮ǰNͬҊһƽı_Cһ猦֮VAȵVA(qun)@һƽ_ԵxCƱCĽK˽Y(ji)٠h(j)ЛQVƽ͵ؽһӡЩxǰxľVIΨɱԹǷȱfǵx{(dio)ɞ(sh)ҊŬٔ(sh)Ҋɞ(sh)Ҋĺƽ֮;_ŵVTĿԱ㱻ؽˡЩɌԒCγɵĹQҲԫ@ձc

ȻijЩw@ƫҊĘOՓ_l(f)ҵČεPϵ(gu)һ{[34]@ܘ(gu)ɉՓɵijɡʹ@NՓcƫҊͬr߀Ҏ(gu)˂Оę(qun)Խ˂ОՓΣͣՓ֮ʹڰl(f)չ鱩_ͻĶS^m(x)Ԓ໥Ŀ

c֮gҲ໥ε@HϷԵĻA\õȻڬF(xin)Уc֮g໥ºͲɅs^Ҋcɵԭ֮һՓIJɡMЌWgоͰl(f)Փr̤˽^(q)ƲɲԡԸԺԲԵĬF(xin)ĮM̹\ξͳ˹񌦴đB(ti)ͬrҲDzźͲι³F(xin)ͬ•ɵݛՓОu|(zh)ɡ@ӵȻϢ؄ePϢ́ԇPһNܸõĽy(tng)ʽϢڰԼ๫ڱ؄eЩГpŒڹݛՓ̓|(zh)oЫ@ʩͿ񱊵(j)һѼgϢvă(ni)ϢW(wng)jͽNǹ_ijӡˢϱض(ni)F(xin)o_е֪PĺһعϢɺСϢʢc֮gIJՓɵĠB(ti)^m(x)ȥ@ӵ߀Oп܌ֵǰzƶҪƻhЩy(tng)εǰzԴһNIJּ˹IJ

ںϷҪ֮ܲȡֶʹԼϷϷһNCֶλʽ}[35]ȻCֶβṩMһƷͨ^ͨ^ýwȥĺϷԸ(j)ƿŔýwɞҪýwһNCֶwF(xin)Žׂ棺1wŒ
2ͨ^eԺնSZȷʽCĺϷԣ
3˵ķC
4IJͬĺϷ^ų

Ȼ@һϷ^µýY(ji)Ҳ^ǹĕräĿĆΡHιڞ@¹ζʩһ׏wĿƴʩı󝓲OIJġº{@һϵy(tng)ijһh(hun)(ji)ʧ`ӓuĕrϵy(tng)핿g߽ȫϷԻA̱ȫD(zhun)׃?yu)ȫ෴ɌϢȫųD(zhun)׃?yu)ȫӼ{Ȟ鱾y(tng)΄Ūy(tng)΄Ū@Փc֮gȱ໥µı[36]

҂ՓĉLcgεһNҪԭʣµĆ}ƺͱ^ˣՓɌڜpcgđwB(yng)໥εҪ(c̎xһ)

ɵ˽͂PОµϢʹXǹ_̹\[mȱcʧ`ġɵuhՓC(gu)نTıF(xin)Xt̓ĺͰݵ񿴵gݛՓ˷eOķJؓ؟A ġ֮ՓR͌θ

ՓȌՓĉB(yng)oԵ˼cДɵӑՓL@һNeһNߌԼԼ߀к_߱ض@ùԶ֧ݛՓH@һԴȪ@ֵ֧һԴȪһJؓ؟ֻՓɵĭh(hun)впʩ

ՓɌεNܣԒƼscšԒǻƼs͹ܡıƼscƺDzһµƼscеP“(lin)-ٔ(sh)(sh)đɺ͹đɣńt{(dio)Փ֮g_໥ƼscŲìܵġƼsĿIJǞ˼͔UǞ_໥ͬr֮һNĿĺȡ@ɷN]БɵäKY(ji)ضǮa(chn)đһ̶ȵđcΌζҪġQ֮҂H{(dio)ՓɵƼsܣґ{(dio)ĹŹ

@JRxڱՓɲǃHHǂˌٔ(sh)(sh)ę(qun)^ę(qun)ζՓҪųĵĸζ˵໥ҪʾxࣺՓɵČF(xin)HҪųĸ棬ҪϺͱ
ՓɵĿgйc(sh)治HЌһһµһ档µՓɼNNCΨѭ˼·ՓՓHѽ(jng)oጬF(xin)İl(f)չҲܝMrҪ

@ֵķ҂߀ԿՓɲHһ헻(qun)һҪƶһ헻(qun)ĿͬrǾSϵƶȵһֶ]Փ(qun)xeƶʧȥxһRՓڴ˷xȰՓһ헻˙(qun)ҲՓһƶȼԾSo

2.2.3.SocM˃rֵ

ՓɲHM֪R@ScȫεıҪֶ䱾ĿġֶM ߵ
ĿģMߵ

ՓMڲͬČWвͬc_ʽͨ@׷NQ^ɡindividual liberty[37]˵ҌF(xin)individual self-realization[38]Ұl(f)չself-development[39]ҳɾ͡self-fulfillment[40]individual autonomy[41]ұF(xin)self-expression[42]ȡʹķ@ЩgZքe(c)ƒɷN(ni)еһN1{(dio)˵־ˣ؛QPՓɼ־һNҪlڱF(xin)
2{(dio)Փǂ˵԰l(f)չͲ-F(xin)ĸNY|(zh)򡰱Mԡ`Ρ-ıҪlԼF(xin)Ŀ˵ıҪlһN(ni)(c)ڲڿƵĂcԛQ
ڶN(ni)(c)ڂ˃(ni)ڵĝܼԸČF(xin)һNڣOɵĸ
ڶNڰl(f)չĸ^˃rֵw@ɷNrֵ֮JՓھSocM@Щrֵ

-ڿƵcԛQһNƣgood֮˵һҪlڹϣD_Rrһ^(q)eū`Ę־cڵăɷNʽ˼Уoڼi֮УtppҵҲpp֮ڵărֵxՓɰl(f)ʹܵһˣɱ_ĝMijNҳɾ֮С[43]

xһ˵һ˱ҕДǷǺ͵ԅ^(q)eƐһ܉ЧcԿصһ܉Լxˡ@ӵһѼҪϢ ȡdȤ^cȻ\ԼԷҸ(j)ԼĽ(jng)γД࣬xQ挍߀̓ٵ߀кģǹ߀DzJ飬m @ЩϢҊt͕ѻ`;򷴄ӻôHҕһԺ͵ϲ@NJRoɽă(ni)ڃrֵHһˑеκ΄-oՓC(gu)߀hеĶ(sh)-]Й(qun)҂m ˼ijĸ(j)҂|ijЩϢҊ-Ψ҂ܱ˵

҂ҵĹijɆTһNPһԸoˣdzڌPdzһNţǞ׷ijNxȻJ飬҂@NһN]Ѓrֵąc҂Z˱_ęC@NZ͘(gu)Ɍ˵ҕ@NZĽY(ji)ڱ҂Ҋ]ܵcҊһӵH҂]ceͬȵPc҂ţ҂ڽM֮r˴˼sMɵ@һCPԓͬȵPĺÿһɆTôSһֳɆTl(f)Ҋͬrһְl(f)Ҋ@ܲfһNҕ[44]@Nҕpp҂һҹɆTxoһՓɶZһ˵ՓɣȻZһ˵ՓɲͬȵһՓɿҲp֮҂ZcҊ֮ƽęCڿܱA ֮ǰ횾}ڿܱ֮ǰq҂⚢һՓĹܵϢ҂һԒһһN򱻗nף-һԒɱԱm˹fɱ_Ŀ옷c҂o

Փһ˵Եİl(f)չ͵˸Ľȫһ˲ܱ_Ҋ򲻵òŗԳֵă(ni)ıضʹġò_Ҋ-؄eDZ횽Լġև`͸˵ġ֮rʹtܵPڱZijN֔ήªȲe˵H֕rHˣ֪ԼǂųfԒͬrһЩ׷F(xin)힓PЩԼŵͲ\˼룬Ըfe߶׸ʉՓɵĕrضһe˸Ť‰ĕr҂fՓɕʹ˂?ni)fԒ-κΕr򶼕˹fԒ{Փ܉ʹЩfԒ˿ԲfԒՓṩ˸񽡿LһҪĭh(hun)

ͬՓҲһԵİl(f)չһNұF(xin)ҌF(xin)չʾͰl(f)չĸNܣÝ_OĿġSص̈́(chung)ͬⷽʽ@o޶ӵóзe˲ͬκ˵Ľ(jng)_HЄӶZԡұF(xin)ضĝܺԸҌF(xin)ij̶ȡ@NһČWһˇgҶͿܚȥǰ

2.2.4.ɷNҪrֵ TcՓе“(lin)ϵɵՓǴM@Щӳɾ͵ıҪl֮һ҂һһeӵÿһIՓɵNrֵՓărֵfrֵӳǰNrֵľwrֵֻҪǰNrֵԱϣărֵȻ@F(xin)ȻָɷNҪrֵһNnj(wn)ărֵ
һNnjĻOărֵ

1ՓṩƽֶθĸɼƶȵһlṩijQy(tng)ߵһlҲṩʹMķ(wn)rһl

S˿J飬ՓɄݱ회аfM˂ҕ yʧ˼ԪMoɢ^cļҌڄӁy@N׷@һNY(ji)匦y(tng)˼ĘOSo͌ՓĴӓ鷥߶y(tng)һЄy(tng)һ˼N޴Ȼ@Nڷdzr֕rпԲѶ֮ҲSؓãƽr׺ͺܴĬ(jng)w{ǰָһЩ׺ˣ1ԏ߉݋ʹһД鲻
2½m׃ĭh(hun)µ^
3wR挍}ʹoע⵽@Щ}[45]

ĬָߵĴ_ǡȻ@N׺ԺʎQìF(xin)ڕr(wn)vʷd˼뉺ՓnjӁy͸һԴ鮐˼Qܱȫסİeqػڵ\һкƽİl(f)йܵȻбl(f)ɞһƉԵ\粼m˹ԣ˂˼롢δϣćΣU
֑֕ɵĉ֣
L֮֌Թ
Թt{ķ(wn)[46](wn)֮ߣ粼m˹ڡ횽o˂CɵӑՓ_ȴίԼμa֮[47]Փɺ͹_ӑՓ֮ȫͷ(wn)HʹпܵƽеһNƷ֮Ĺ@һcǰѽ(jng)ָՓɹȻһĻyǃɺ(qun)ȡp(wn)@DZҪġ̵܉ЄϼԿƵĻy

κyⲻMwM֮ƶҪǻۺ̈́[48]^cČҊĶijB(ti)DZҪĺoԻB(yng)mµľrMꐴx^Ĭָǘһͨڅbڴˣ_ɿԱm?sh)ҕһ߻^̣-ĺε׃ʹ⽩˥ࡣ[49]

(wn)cl(f)չoɵՓ@һoɵ^аl(f)]ɻȱ@һwF(xin)һĸĸrĸһ漰ǧf֮˜I(y)e`ĸĸʩʎ˲܉PߵҊďVcǸĸﷀ(wn)MͬrĸɹҪYԴǏVģ@һ˻ٔ(sh)ṩгЧĸĸʩȺڌ`̽]ՓɣȺԭ(chung)͵òֵİl(f)]ķ(wn)Ͱl(f)չĸĕrһҪՓɵĕr

2Փߺُ{(dio)ՓɌĻOxĻ漰˻ȺwWƫÆ}y_e`^(q)ec톖}oPǡǡ˵ұF(xin)ķ֮(ni)

ՓɌĻOʾּǣеÿһ˶Й(qun)cĻÿһ˶԰ܵġF(xin)wxɂ棺1ՓɱϞy(tng)׺͑TݵʽĻ
2ՓɱϞĻųͅ߅Ļ(c̎xһ)

Փ֮ĻxҪwF(xin)ڃɂ棺S͸ÿ˶ԱF(xin)WƫNԄeg֪RˮƽôĻ@_ǰٻRһ֧Ҏ(gu)һģʽɘӰ壬ǧ˰ّB(ti)ˇg֮ұF(xin)Y(ji)pĻSSٔ(sh)߳y(tng)ķhȥLԇµĻʽôy(tng)Ļ(ni)݌ܵõ

Ļһ`ԻӣՓɽoɰďV

2.3.ɷNWf

ՓUՓɵărֵrγһЩͬČWf@ЩWf漰ՓɵIJͬՓCʽ

ՓɵNrֵl(f)F(xin)ȫκұF(xin)γNWf׷ fȫΡ fұF(xin) f[50]JՓ֮ҪĿJՓɵΨһĿˡ[51]׷fcȫfP“(lin)߶ՓҕһNJՓ֮Ҫ˂һN(ni)ڵĵ™(qun)ȥ_ҊS_Ҋ܉oõĽY(ji)c˲ͬǣұF(xin)fJՓ֮в܉oٺ̎Դ˵ă(ni)ڵĵ™(qun)ǰҕ ߵһҕߵ档ȫfᳫ׿ˠsfεķʽУ沢֮ ֮PI֮̎ÿ˶fԒÿֵf鶼f[52]ұF(xin)f֧•QՓǷܵo֮Д˜ԓՓǷˣ Пo-ƩǷ׷ǷڴM֮ȫ-ԓՓǷߣspeakerıF(xin)[53].Ժcǰߵijl(f)cՓADzͬ

JՓɵĿIJ޶һNǶһϵе׷Ǟ˱ϹұF(xin)ҲfĵǣҪnjՓ鹫һN(qun)Ҏ(gu)(qun)֮Ǟ˙(qun)w@Ҳų@NͬrܴMҺw档

·ֶǡɵʥ(jng)c֮gsǹ˵ę(qun)ϻ(qun)ּڱCÿһЩɄZՓ鹫һ헻(qun)DZϹɂϢͱ_ҊеĂ׷M֪RȫֻнrֵKĿڽ֮׷֮cɂ˳LF(xin)M[54]҂ڵĽǶȁu@N(qun)ȏă(ni)ڵĽǶȿ϶֮(j) ߵ갷ߵo

һNҊʹJe`ҲԌ_Ҫķ̲ṩʹ߸rČ@NҊ˓һNɄZı_Ҋę(qun)һ֪ԣmٝͬ^cLjԛQl(wi)_^cę(qun)fǴxܠҲfʹһ֮ȫһNҊ@һ˳෴ҊôҪʹ@һ˳Ĭ@һˣЙ(qun)ԒҪʹĬ^[55]

ͬһՓɌε\_йDžcβHHǞǵĹQ߫IӋIcһN(qun)҂^еİl(f)ԺͶƱʹ@N(qun)

һNՓ҂횳ɹՓCߵڹã܉Փɵę(qun)һՓCʧ(qun)ĴڄtRΣU҂ĹöJЩ˅sܻJĸöȡՓՓCǴĺȱݵ

ָǣJՓһN(ni)ڙ(qun)Ԅӵرđܱϵķͳ̶ȡ(qun)Ĵc(qun)޶ȲһmȻٝͬұF(xin)fDzJ鷲顰ıF(xin)Փܵϣ(qun)ԼԸ(j)ՓĸN_ͻIJͬ|(zh)o費ͬՓԲͬı@ЩһֵĿ(ni)ݡ

3.Փɵ޶

3.1.޶ȵĺx

ǡ?sh)fՓɵ޶κ֧ՓɵՓƬȱ޵ȱfҲ]ЌČ`x^޶ָϵ޶ȣ|(zh)Ļµ޶|(zh)ϵ޶țQ˵JRϵ޶wF(xin)팦ߵ\Ҫ󡣶ϵ޶Ȅtf߿ɵر_Փؓķ֮ƑPĽ羀Փɵ޶ҲfǷ֮ʩՓϵơ@һ̽ӑļǺ^@Ȼ@һܠʽĆ}[56]

ơһȻ}漰@}֮ǰڌȻϷƵWν(jng)WҲһxһ˂JͳijN^cPϵcsu^cǕr(sh)˕еõҸXĆʧy„^tϲԸ⿴Լ^cgCϣe܉ԼҊRϣԼҊy(tng)һе•˂һNAܽ^ųZһNͬ•ĴɂͬҊߵλƽஔrһȡһֶfһЙ(qun)-oՓnjƵ߀ę(qun)rпʹ÷ɵԉƌՓ֮޶ȌHоڃ(yu)ݵλһ܉һ˱_ͬҊ޶

(j)R˼xΨʷ^Kĺ͸x|(zh)a(chn)Q˼a(chn)@ζձrՓcՓߵĬF(xin)򏊻“(lin)ϵһr£SoijNՓKĿǾSoijNF(xin)ijNՓҲּډijNČy(tng)AƿصĹ(qun)ԾSoijNRΑB(ti)Ľy(tng)ελ|(zh)ͨ^So@NRΑB(ti)Ľy(tng)ελԾSoc(jng)ϵĽy(tng)ελijЩr򣬌^cδȻ֮С(qun)е֮һND(zhun)֮еڅvʷԪԴM˼cՓĶԪҪ֮g_һNB(ti)ݣNJRoͨ^PֲͬҊԸٴν(jng)˼c_ͻl(f)ѪՓɱɞF(xin)

ƵWν(jng)WV҂]lČطһ˵ՓֻǷ˵Փɣ@ՓɵĶЕr_ce`cаc֮gĶǸN֮gĶһͨ˰ЩSocµĸ(j)̓ģ̓ٵcƵăɷ]cϵIJeҪϵIJeR@һcrS܉o費ͬՓһcČݡ҂̽ӑՓɵ޶һҲf̽ӑҷʩՓ֮ϵď޶ȡ

3.2.ɷN

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