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l(f)rg:2020-05-22 Դ: ժ c
1.
Փɣfreedom of speechQ_ɡfreedom of expressionָҊ˼ijNʽʽF(xin)@Փɵĺă(ni)@չ_߀Ѽ@ȡ˽NҊԼijNҊ
[1]@Ȼ@һ綨ǏVx[2]ڴ˽綨֮wӼйՓҲ˔UԵĽHָy(tng)xwF(xin)ZаSʽZԣsymbolic speechwDLՓɺwһҵđՓʾɡƌWоˇ(chung)ɡuҙCP乤ˆTę(qun)hę(qun)ȗlһЩlcՓнBغϵIJһNɾφ}[3]ՓɣȰPՓʾɣҲ漰ՓɵIJ
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2.Փɵărֵ
2.1.Փɵărֵc^׃
Փɵărֵcһ^е(lin)ϵЩ^(gu)߉ϵĸ(j)˸(j)toY(ji)ărֵJijN^ζҪJijNʽՓɻՓijһărֵ@Щ^ՓɵijNrֵJɡ˚w{@ՓcijЩ^ĜYԴPϵԱՓɵ̵Փ(j)҂õՓһܰl(f)]ărֵo@Щ^Ҫ֪Rc^^P˵^
һP֪Rc^cՓP(lin)_Ǵڵôǽ^ձĺͲ׃߀ЗlĺͰl(f)չ˼횽y(tng)һijN߀SxķʽǽfӑՓ߀ǽ及͉@Щ}IJͬ𰸣QһՓɵĴں
Ψһ^mȫڹ̶׃Ăy(tng)ͽ(jng)֮ôՓɲH]дڵıҪкܴı˂ֻÿՏij̎Iȡ̗lָʾȻkijN˼뱻Ĥݞ㲻׃Ľ̗lĕrһµ˼пܱǑĮаf
ЗlģôɵӑՓHҪґԁN֪R͌WƵİl(f)չCIJ\ӡ׃Ͱl(f)չʹ҂ijһAϫ@õ֪RһNr|(zh)ֻǞԺMһJR춨˻A˵JRһr܉ʹֹͣl(f)չ܉ȫ_JRֹͣl(f)չ֮ǰ㲻ֹܽӑՓÿһrJRڕrgͿg϶@N^Փɵ֪RՓA
ڶP^^ĺǂc֮gPϵԁ@N^ģǽͬcڙ(qun)ĻA֮Ĵ(qun)͡ɞеԒZ@N^`ρԴڽYa(chn)AՓρԴڼs˵˵ČWf˵J༴Mÿһɲ܄ZȡȻ(qun)ԵĿ]ˌȻ(qun)һcʹȻ(qun)@ø?sh)ıĿڴˣǙ?qun)
@N^J飬ÿһ˶е˽ߺҌPÿһˌӰ푵ĹQаl(f)ԺֱӻgӅcę(qun)@N^߀Jһַ˽g˵ărֵԼЄӁwF(xin)@N˽˿gζ˼cՓɡ
c^nj˼xкܶNһͬcҕČڽy(tng)ߡՓǡ෴ҕ(zh)ߏČĴˡ˼JhՓ³ԽıuǴ治^JȻĹͬ͞Ҹڣxea(chn)ؓ؟uȻ
P˵^Уδ_һǸNʽĉՓɵδ_HÁָˮƽ㣬ָڵDzˮƽr㲻܉?q)sĸNҊ^c_ķǵД
ڵϲrܵNΣUԡՓMЉΣU@Nr횽ܸʿָ회cNΣUԡՓ^_ͬrҲCġΣUԡՓ@N^Č|(zh)˂cϵIJƽȡIcȺȻЄeֻٔ(sh)˿IIԡǻ(jng)͵Ʒ|(zh)һǂs_IһеҲ`c^˸(j)Փɵ˼ЃɂԴ^һWһġ
ڻW˼֧һеĕr̕JIΨһy(tng)ĽcҕһȺҕؓ؟ʹʾܵȾʹܵ`Jϵһ֪ԴȪJԼ˽ͨнˉŔĽጙ(qun)͵þȵĿԡ@NȻy̲ͬĴHڽ̲Ľg̼ܺͻOؑP^Į˷҇ƽͽxʥ(jng)ԭδ(jng)ʵWƽͽeݬ_ؽxʥ(jng)
@N˼ԴDDՓJ˵`֘(gu)ɵģc[4]ƽyʹc_IJּԵIQ֮DzܳԳֵijЩԻʧО鲻cĿһ[5]܌Wa philosopher-kingߵԣ܉Կc܉^sĬF(xin)һı|(zh)܉l(f)F(xin)_һЛQ܌WҎ(gu)ľÇĻҎ(gu)ƶˇ(chung)Ҏ(gu)ɺģʽQЩƷṩoܺ͞һ^һe`ˇg(chung)
@NҕԺ͵˼ڽ̸ĸ͆\ӕrܵ(zhn)_(chung)ڽ̸ĸ֮·ŷQxfҪ(j)˽u(qun)Փ@һՓͨĂYuW}{Լ\ţcϵͨx@һN֪NՓɵѿ@ѿܠD˕rɞ_ę(qun)ҪǰߵġՓɡͺߵġՓڽ̌ݡ}ڽՓ[6]fՓڽɵĸa(chn)Ʒ
\ּڴ_һNţ-ԑ{Լ
ҪȻĜYԴԫ@һJRƽȵ^u˽ƽȵһJRRce`ecę(qun)ÿһ˶Ƚ(jng)xٔ(sh)ˣǷǽy(tng)ĪQ鱣oơև`ôͿHpȻÿ˶ԽһϢҊȻ\ԼДÿ˶ԅcİl(f)F(xin)cl(f)չֻҪǹǷÿ˶Ը(j)֪JRcl(f)_e`Ҋͬrÿ˵c(jng)Jκκһ˻һȺ˶̽ӑꮅʹֹͣ˼HHaÿһ˵Ľ(jng)˶ԶDzͬģĽҪeǣÿһ˶пܷe`ܠDfһc҅s֪һһͬװl(f)e`[7]Ȼ҂Ƿãܽ^رC҂ԽԞ㲻܉ƲͬҊİl(f)
ԁ˱ҕ־w⼴εw_ijЩrÿ˽ԱJuijijĵxĶQ߀Ǿܽ^ДԼОĵxͳĺfһ˻һȺҪ˵ĵָڱڵƷϴȼ^(q)@Nf`εԭt@ζֻҪһ˵О錦]И(gu)ΣxڵϢl(f)չԼĵԡܽڱoĵ²ȾcǵµġϢҊx_tһ½̻ęC(gu)Խһ㹫Ʒ֮
@N^քeՓCՓɵNrֵ1M֪Rc@
2ScȫΣ
3SocM˃rֵ
(gu)Nrֵ߉ǰ(j)
2.2. Փɵărֵ
̎^ărֵҲԱ_鹦ûՓɵărֵcՓărֵе(lin)ϵǶ֮gą^(q)e@ȻģՓɵărֵǺՓܵƕrr^Ե
ՓкrֵՓɵúՓ܉oˡ?gu)ʲô̎棩@ЩһֱPעՓɵՓ˼Ć}IJͬķՓCՓɵărֵ֧Փɵĸ(j)
ՓɃrֵľCf(lin)߷Ժٲm˹Louis Brandeis^һеĸftһ༴ҵKĿDžf(xi)ɵذl(f)]x҇r˼]вɃH{һ֮ϲŭJ飬ͬrĿԼֶ֮rֵſ옷E܉ɵEt⡣֮TtͬrҲ˼Լ˼ɵر_ǰl(f)F(xin)ɢ挍֮TȱՓӑՓκxՓ֮ӑՓܰl(f)]ƽ֮ṩһm?sh)ıoԌаf֮ɢMСtҲ]ΣOĮJ酢cӑՓ֮xգ@Ҳ\r֮һ헻ԭtmȻJκһN˞֮ƶȶһЩLUts{(dio)֮Sֲ܃H˂Pđ˂˼δϣćΣU
֑֕ɵĉ
L֮Թ
Թt{ķ(wn)Lξð횽o˂CɵӑՓ_ȴίԼμa֮[8]
ڲm˹@һԒՓɃrֵˣRobert Bork(jng)w{1M˲֮l(f)չ
2ɱ_옷
3Mķ(wn)Լ4挍֮l(f)F(xin)c[9]ĪMelville .(c̎xһ)
B .Nimmer֮w{1Ԓܣdemocratic dialogue function༴ՓɞһεǛQ
2ɱ_ĿҌF(xin)ĽMɲ֣
3ՓһȫyIJ(wn)[10]ָĵڣ12ԸĪĵڣ2ԱMeͬ|(zh)(ni)һӵ
ĬThomas I.EmersonҲ(jng)CfՓɵărֵJՓɾķNrֵ1ٳɂ˵ҌF(xin)
2@һNֶ
3鱣CɆTcİεěQ^̵һNʽ
4S(wn)׃֮gƽ⡣[11]
ĬڷՓɃrֵcm˹ָߴͬСͬоĽ^(sh)Փ߽δܳķܡҲ@ܞAefՓɵărֵJSһЧՓƶڣ1M֪Rc@
2Scȫ
3SocM˃rֵJՓɾɷNҪrֵ1_ķ(wn)c׃֮gĺCԴMĽl(f)չ
2ƄӺͷsĻOmȻ@Nrֵֺ֧fں̶ֺܴ֧֮ͨfġ
2.2.1.M֪R@
Փ{(dio)ՓɃrֵ҂M֪Rc@҂ɵJRһɵذl(f)҂һJ֪ô팢cև`ĶԄ@F(xin)߀һ_ěQԓA NӵϢҊenjҊ߀ԼДڹ|(zh)c(zhn)֮MвNcڴ^֮У҂е֪ԽԽS
SWߌ@һMˌWϵՓCܠDܠ@(q)ʮoķ˹ЈՓĽǶٴκP@һrֵՠҲUՓ֪RMеҪܠͻķ˹ՓC
ܠl(f)һNҊĽֹoՓ@N߀Ƿ@NֹӑՓıˣ
ʹһҊܰl(f)njӊZ͌F(xin)һһӣͬǂҊ˱ȌǂҊҊnjôDZZe`QęC
ҊeģôʧһͬӴǾǏce`_ͻЮa(chn)ČĸJRӵӡ[12]
wܠ@cfMՓ(j)ՓCՓɌıҪԵġ[13]
һ(qun)ƵҊ_ô҂ʧȥ˫@һ_JRęC@ȻDz?sh)ġ?/p>
ڶʹȾ}ĬҊһe`ҲǶͨǺвֵһJ_ҊҲyǻIJȫȻֻнҊě_ͻʹƵơ
ʹJҊHǶȫȥҶJ(zhn)ô͕uÓһ̗lԳ˂܉JRĺHϺ͈ԳһƫҊһӵ
ģr̗lп܆ʧpıxпʧȥ˂Ʒеұ̗l׃һNʽgZHڃ(yu)ǟoҷK˂ԻH(jng)ȥwζB(yng)\
ܠՓԚwY(ji)һcՓɺҊĶF(xin)@ıҪh(hun)ڴ˭h(hun)֮УҳC\һԳCm^̣(qun)ĸֻƉ@һ^[14]
ܠҳCҊķ˹^^һWg(lin)߷ԺһЛQIJͬҊdissenting opinionСķ˹ԭ۵ĎԒ@ӵģ
˂Rrgѽ(jng)ƷS(zhn)ԵܕԼЄӵĸ(j)@һ֮ƣthe ultimate goodΨн(jng)˼ɽQű^@-༴ҪyԇijN˼Ƿѷnj֮ɸЈПo@Jɡ[15]
@ġ˼c^cЈ free marketplace of ideasՓ(jng)ՓՓ
@һՓУķ˹^ǰҊӻЈՓı֮sʹ֮õ˺ܺõf@Ҳ|(zh)Ј^Uչ˼Ј^ķ˹ĝ_~^˼ҲһNƷκһNƷƷ|(zh)Ƿ(yu)ǷmϴҪͶTЈһ(yu)̭ɸܱ֮ݬЈṩһzyNƷęC͘˜˼ЈҲN^cMЈMɽɸһΕrg֮и(yu)֮Ѓ(ni)f^cA^ܱ֮tпܵĽY(ji)Dzͬ^cm˲ͬߵҪʬF(xin)һҊӻľЈ_źɸm(x)MС˶N^c̎ڲızܻ^֮Q@һ^̵ıǏԣijI˵Ǵ[16]
ķ˹ġ˼c^cЈՓͶ˼Ј֮uVЈCܵܣҳɞˇ(lin)߷ԺՓЛQՓ(j)[17]Ҳ˺ܶuSWָȫЈDzڵģH˼ЈҲһȫ_ŵЈ˼ЈϰҪɫĴýٔ(sh)ѳ^ͬ^c֮gĸcؔA(qun)N塢ԄeȵȄY(ji)һڴr£˼c^cЈһ̓(gu)J飬@ЩuȫՓЈڰl(f)F(xin)෴ķfՓЈĉŔͲƽΣϵKָcF(xin)֮gIJࡣb@NĴбҪijЩl³JSoЈһЩʩıҪԡ
ķ˹ܠՓ^(c)ڏ{(dio)Ҋopinion^cideas֮gɸګ@JRãՓɌ҂˽factsÿ҂֪ƫ t tijһ}κ˽r˺κԸf˶аl(f)ԵęCM挍c̓ټʏs҂ԑ{Ժͽ(jng)Mԫ@ڄeNro@õĸƺS@ͬκ{(dio)ķͥPаl(f)ԺqՓę(qun)һӡһr^ȥĔPϵ˃Aڣ1fc
2رcw
ߣ3̓ٵֻfԒһֻN֪֮ͥܵһ֮~ДҲȻe`ҲҷfԒʹļp_ƽչ_qՓ(j)ճ(jng)߉п֮g|(zh)cqՓд°l(f)F(xin)ĿCҲcqՓl(f)F(xin)ؽӽڴ˻AϵДҲHĹՓҲմе_ԼڏsӵϢ\Ժͽ(jng)挍c̓_cև`Փ҂˽挍c_һlΣUĵ·̓w挍և`_Փɵ^ȣՓɵIJ
2.2.2. Sֺͽȫ
(j)һ⣬Ƕ(sh)y(tng)ߵĽy(tng)α횽ڱߵ֮ͬһйQKȡQڶ(sh)ͬՓɌεҪԱF(xin)ڣ1ՓʾͬMҽy(tng)εıҪlͻԭt]Փɼ]
2ՓƼs(qun)ͱĶ(sh)y(tng)(sh)Ҫ
Լ3ՓɴM(ni)ͬȺw֮gc֮gϵPϵ֮Փ֮ξNܣԒdialogueƼscheckingcţtrust@ɷNPϵз@Щܵģ(sh)cٔ(sh)֮gͬȺw֮g
c֮g
1. Ԓ
Ԓ༴Ԓdemocratic dialogue@Փ֮εҪͻĹܡζQKȡQڶ(sh)ҊȻ(sh)Ҋ֮γɲHҪдͬAґl(f)ڹӑՓĿgκһeǬF(xin)ȫͬ|(zh)ͬ(jng)ĻȺwA?ni)Ըγһιͬw횽Q挦Ĺ}\}ĽQ_һ̶ȵĹRconsensus[18]RǏÿɆTģͨ^ԒγɵԒζ֮gͬȺw֮gڹ}֮Ҋ[19]ԒHƽȵɵtR̓ٶ挍ڏǻԸǽԸ_ɵ挍RĻA֮ϵ^Փɱ鲻ͬȺw֮gԒM_ɱҪĹRṩһɳȱɿgx蹫Q
܌WҁɽˠsAlexander MeikleiohnJՓԴҽy(tng)εҪ[20]{(dio)ָՓɌ^ЧĹQߵҪfͶƱƺy(tng)ԻӵΨһʽڑNֻPДďVɢһϵлӵڱ_@ЩӰ棺y(tng)ߵ҂RĹ}
҂회δ˾@Щ}ěQMДࣻ
҂횹ͬOӋһNʹ@ЩQǵĺЧõġ@ׂĻӽPՓɵĻ[21]ֻЮͶƱߵДǵ挍ڳϢģβxˌF(xin)@һcͶƱ߱ ȡcijһ}PͷijNՓJǻևġe`ģc҂ԽֹֻҪP^cб_ÿ˶ҪfԒÿֵf鶼ҪfˣՓԭtȻĻԵijtǏĹ}QձͶƱ@һsƌ[22] ˠsMՓpublic speechȫǽ^Ƶ[23]
ˠs{(dio)ɌԒڱ_QߵĹԃrֵHՓ߀ζÿڌԒԸącparticipationcҲһNrֵڌԒ҂Ա_ԼҊ҂ҊeA ҂wԼijɆT]бų֮
ԒHչF(xin)ڲͬͬȺw֮gչF(xin)c֮gõ\wF(xin)c֮Сһ헷ǷһQǷƽwF(xin)P棬HҪϵıCҪ ȡPҊڱҪr_صϢጹQȻՓɲwF(xin)ڌ@ЩҪ֮жwF(xin)ڌϢӵО֮С֪ʲô֪ʲô@ȻԼl(f)oٸ(j)Ϣһ{(dio)ĹQγc֮gIJp-Ԓ֮(c̎xһ)
ϢӺҊԒ^͕̾ƉHHڏϢ]ЏĹϢӣԒ͕׃ɆĹݔ[24]Ȼκw֮¶һ̶ȵpΨڳՓɵw֮cČԒпܡ
2.Ƽs
ՓɌεƼswF(xin)ڃɂ棨1ՓɌ(sh)(qun)Ƽs
2(qun)Ƽs[25]
ՓɌ(sh)y(tng)Ι(qun)Ƽs漰c֮gPϵһNϵărֵɺ͙(qun)Ǹǽy(tng)Ι(qun)ȻoՓ(qun)ڶ(sh)߀ٔ(sh)пֺɡϵ˹FfҪę(qun)ɻָκFεćڱ|(zh)ɵć[26]@˻ζġ(qun)]κƼso\ȟoȶҎ(gu)to_Ľ羀(sh)y(tng)ΘOпܳɞ(sh)SOӋּڱĶ(sh)y(tng)(sh)ՓɱеһN
ζnjڶ(sh)(qun)һNƼsּڱςڶ(sh)˽(jng)֮(sh)Qʩֺ֮Ҏ(gu)(qun)(qun)֮ԲɄZnj(sh)(qun)һNƼs[27]Փɼǻ(qun)֮һՓɲͬ(qun)֮̎ڣ(sh)ͨ^?q)ٔ?sh)˵ijN(qun)MЉƕrٔ(sh)ɵӑՓԱʾҊԓ(j)Ԡȡ(sh)(ni)һЩ˵֧֣ͬɴ˵ƉԱo(qun)]Փɕr˱ܻVT֮eok[28]
ՓɲHǶ(sh)˵Փٔ(sh)˵ՓɡǞ(sh)ֵ֧һrҲDzٔ(sh)˵Փɵġ[29]@Nƌڽкģڣ1(sh)ԉٔ(sh)Փζֻɣ]߅ȻҊ|(zh)ϲǹ̶׃tҪʧȥĶ(sh)|(zh)ɞٔ(sh)˵Ҋ(zh)@NҊʧȥ|(zh)2SͬҊĴHljƻZ˲ֹ(qun)кwďV3(sh)^Ƕٔ(sh)rЗlĽY(ji)һ֮ҊڵĶ(sh)Ҳỹ(ni)IJͬҊijһlʹڕr(sh)֮еijЩٔ(sh)ѳֳɞՓƵܺ@ڲʧȥՓɕr档ֻбÿһ˵ՓɣܱεĽl(f)չRˣHugo Blackԣ֮Փctܟo˓@N[30]o˓@NɕrҲo˿Mxϵ
@NxفՓfՓɲHDZ__ġc^cһµҊɣDZ_e`ġҊɣ
HǶ(sh)`VI·ٔ(sh)fɣ
Hu|(zh)ռy(tng)ελnj߅D(zhun)ɡһ(sh)ҊHDzҪoģٔ(sh)^ct܉֮ՓɵĺxڱoЩƫxwrֵ^ՓһÓx@һJRͺyl(f)F(xin)Փɵxˡ[31]zһՓ֮挍ԵɿĘ˜ٔ(sh)Ҋܱϵij̶ȡ
ՓɌ(qun)ƼsñF(xin)ՓɵݛՓO(jin)һ˽յę(qun)н¶uC(gu)نTĞEÙ(qun)ȲОɣ@ڹ(qun)ʹһNO(jin)cƼsنT`ɻҎ(gu)`£Կܘ(gu)ɲОһJنTО鲻rԌ֮¶ڱl؟@ЩОעͷýwݛՓO(jin)аl(f)]ҪҪҲ܉ҕ_ʽنT˾ʾظVzeLԼһw^(q)͆λڿݛՓӑķɢV
ՓɌ(qun)ƼswF(xin)ׂ棺1ӹ(qun)(ni)ıO(jin)CںܶrijһC(gu)֮ԕһC(gu)ʹƼscO(jin)ķ؟ݛՓĉ@N؟ӛߺ˵Ĺ2SֺʹMC(gu)نTR3ͨ^xeCưl(f)]ɵՓg˂نTIJОĽ¶uγһݛՓһنT\KQxͶƱrur@N¶uȻӰxur@NݛՓԌ(qun)EһƼsغͶֹá
ҪݛՓO(jin)ķɸ(j)ʲôڱҕݛՓO(jin)ՓɵĹ֮һ㌎Ƿн¶ԼuنTОՓ(sh)ֻҎ(gu)Փə(qun)δἰ¶u@Nr@Nɿԏđڌ`τt˾CP̎аl(f)չǏĚvʷпđJՓɰl(f)չJu¶EÙ(qun)ȲОՓ@֮gһܺLĚvʷ^̡҇t]@Ny҇41lҎ(gu)κ·ҙCP͇ҹˆTuͽhę(qun)
ʧ^ОVظzeę(qun)@һlҎ(gu)҇н¶uنTО֮Փɵֱӷɸ(j)c35lPՓɵҎ(gu)eҎ(gu)cһҎ(gu)Pϵ҇һԵҎ(gu)Փ֮eҎ(gu)н¶uنTОՓf҇
3.
SһPϵδڵĻA@NPϵF(xin)ڃɂ棺1ͬĹȺwH֮gͬһο֮ГҌ鹲ͬΑҎ(gu)tηwϵҲϵĹͬ2c(jng)ֱӻgxea(chn)֮gҲεġ@Ȼ]еһNPϵȻў鲻ͬιͬwܡͬһ¡Dz(wn)]еڶNPϵĻADz(wn)@ЩPƶȺµԭPϵF(xin)ѿp½څݕrF(xin)ϷΣC[32]Ć}һиͬȺwĹͬI(y)ͬOI(y)ھScM@ɷNPϵėlĿMеġ
ScM@ɷNPϵķʽ;кܶNҪķʽ;njRĹ}տɡ_ƽȵӑՓ
@NӑՓٿԴMͬȺw֮g(sh)cٔ(sh)֮g˽һ_ʲôһ֪ʲôϣʲôʲô֮Ȼǽ˽ĻA֮ϵp܉ǡƽoӑՓ}п_һՏcڌԒ֮УηΌ϶Ǵڵε֮һͨ^ɌԒęCʹ͌_һ̶ȵĺCcΡηҊһmȻݛՓ_ϳʬF(xin)һɫijǻЩδ_݆Tδ˷ŗԼҏҊһɶ@һȺwȺw@һ}_˽֮ͨԵӄȺwɴl(f)(yu)Ⱥw͔ҕwԼһw֮Ը(j)|(zh)Щͨ^Փ_Ըܿͨ^_ȥѻһNƶȡڌՓ}ϵxHɆTPϵǡͶͬ߀ǡ֮ͬ͡ȡϵx͡cͬɼ߀Ǒɼ{ȡͶͬƶOӋ[33]
Փ֮ڸһNPϵеһN̵Ʒ֮Ĺܣʹڴܺ^֮ǰxxηN·֮ǰNͬҊһƽı_Cһ猦֮VAȵVA(qun)@һƽ_ԵxCƱCĽK˽Y(ji)٠h(j)ЛQVƽ͵ؽһӡЩxǰxľVIΨɱԹǷȱfǵx{(dio)ɞ(sh)ҊŬٔ(sh)Ҋɞ(sh)Ҋĺƽ֮;_ŵVTĿԱ㱻ؽˡЩɌԒCγɵĹQҲԫ@ձc
ȻijЩw@ƫҊĘOՓ_l(f)ҵČεPϵ(gu)һ{[34]@ܘ(gu)ɉՓɵijɡʹ@NՓcƫҊͬr߀Ҏ(gu)˂Оę(qun)Խ˂ОՓΣͣՓ֮ʹڰl(f)չ鱩_ͻĶS^m(x)ԒĿ
c֮gҲε@HϷԵĻA\õȻڬF(xin)Уc֮gºͲɅs^Ҋcɵԭ֮һՓIJɡMЌWgоͰl(f)Փr̤˽^(q)ƲɲԡԸԺԲԵĬF(xin)ĮM̹\ξͳ˹đB(ti)ͬrҲDzźͲι³F(xin)ͬɵݛՓОu|(zh)ɡ@ӵȻϢePϢ́ԇPһNܸõĽy(tng)ʽϢڰԼڱeЩГpڹݛՓ̓|(zh)oЫ@ʩͿ(j)һѼgϢvă(ni)ϢW(wng)jͽNǹ_ijӡˢϱض(ni)F(xin)o_е֪PĺһعϢɺСϢʢc֮gIJՓɵĠB(ti)^m(x)ȥ@ӵ߀Oп܌ֵǰzƶҪƻhЩy(tng)εǰzԴһNIJּ˹IJ
ںϷҪ֮ܲȡֶʹԼϷϷһNCֶλʽ}[35]ȻCֶβṩMһƷͨ^ͨ^ýwȥĺϷԸ(j)ƿŔýwɞҪýwһNCֶwF(xin)ׂ棺1w
2ͨ^eԺնSZȷʽCĺϷԣ
3˵ķC
4IJͬĺϷ^ų
Ȼ@һϷ^µýY(ji)Ҳ^ǹĕräĿĆΡHιڞ@¹ζʩһwĿƴʩıOIJġº{@һϵy(tng)ijһh(hun)(ji)ʧ`ӓuĕrϵy(tng)핿g߽ȫϷԻA̱ȫD(zhun)׃?yu)ȫ෴ɌϢȫųD(zhun)׃?yu)ȫӼ{Ȟ鱾y(tng)΄Ūy(tng)΄Ū@Փc֮gȱµı[36]
҂ՓĉLcgεһNҪԭʣµĆ}ƺͱ^ˣՓɌڜpcgđwB(yng)εҪ(c̎xһ)
ɵ˽͂PОµϢʹXǹ_̹\[mȱcʧ`ġɵuhՓC(gu)نTıF(xin)Xt̓ĺͰݵgݛՓ˷eOķJؓ؟A ġ֮ՓR͌θ
ՓȌՓĉB(yng)oԵ˼cДɵӑՓL@һNeһNߌԼԼ߀к_߱ض@ùԶ֧ݛՓH@һԴȪ@ֵ֧һԴȪһJؓ؟ֻՓɵĭh(hun)впʩ
ՓɌεNܣԒƼscšԒǻƼsܡıƼscƺDzһµƼscеP(lin)-ٔ(sh)(sh)đɺđɣńt{(dio)Փ֮g_ƼscŲìܵġƼsĿIJǞ˼͔UǞ_ͬr֮һNĿĺȡ@ɷN]БɵäKY(ji)ضǮa(chn)đһ̶ȵđcΌζҪġQ֮҂H{(dio)ՓɵƼsܣґ{(dio)ĹŹ
@JRxڱՓɲǃHHǂˌٔ(sh)(sh)ę(qun)^ę(qun)ζՓҪųĵĸζ˵ҪʾxࣺՓɵČF(xin)HҪųĸ棬ҪϺͱ
ՓɵĿgйc(sh)治HЌһһµһ档µՓɼNNCΨѭ˼·ՓՓHѽ(jng)oጬF(xin)İl(f)չҲܝMrҪ
@ֵķ҂߀ԿՓɲHһ헻(qun)һҪƶһ헻(qun)ĿͬrǾSϵƶȵһֶ]Փ(qun)xeƶʧȥxһRՓڴ˷xȰՓһ헻˙(qun)ҲՓһƶȼԾSo
2.2.3.SocM˃rֵ
ՓɲHM֪R@ScȫεıҪֶ䱾ĿġֶM ߵ
ĿģMߵ
ՓMڲͬČWвͬc_ʽͨ@NQ^ɡindividual liberty[37]˵ҌF(xin)individual self-realization[38]Ұl(f)չself-development[39]ҳɾ͡self-fulfillment[40]individual autonomy[41]ұF(xin)self-expression[42]ȡʹķ@ЩgZքe(c)ɷN(ni)еһN1{(dio)˵־ˣ؛QPՓɼ־һNҪlڱF(xin)
2{(dio)Փǂ˵l(f)չͲ-F(xin)ĸNY|(zh)Mԡ`Ρ-ıҪlԼF(xin)Ŀ˵ıҪlһN(ni)(c)ڲڿƵĂcԛQ
ڶN(ni)(c)ڂ˃(ni)ڵĝܼԸČF(xin)һNڣOɵĸ
ڶNڰl(f)չĸ^˃rֵw@ɷNrֵ֮JՓھSocM@Щrֵ
-ڿƵcԛQһNƣgood֮˵һҪlڹϣD_Rrһ^(q)eū`Ę־cڵăɷNʽ˼Уoڼi֮УtppҵҲpp֮ڵărֵxՓɰl(f)ʹܵһˣɱ_ĝMijNҳɾ֮С[43]
xһ˵һ˱ҕДǷǺ͵ԅ^(q)eƐһ܉ЧcԿصһ܉Լxˡ@ӵһѼҪϢ ȡdȤ^cȻ\ԼԷҸ(j)ԼĽ(jng)γД࣬xQ挍߀̓ٵ߀кģǹ߀DzJ飬m @ЩϢҊt͕ѻ`;ӻôHҕһԺ͵ϲ@NJRoɽă(ni)ڃrֵHһˑеκ΄-oՓC(gu)߀hеĶ(sh)-]Й(qun)҂m ˼ijĸ(j)҂|ijЩϢҊ-Ψ҂ܱ˵
҂ҵĹijɆTһNPһԸoˣdzڌPdzһNţǞijNxȻJ飬҂@NһN]Ѓrֵąc҂Z˱_ęC@NZ͘(gu)Ɍ˵ҕ@NZĽY(ji)ڱ҂Ҋ]ܵcҊһӵH҂]ceͬȵPc҂ţ҂ڽM֮r˴˼sMɵ@һCPԓͬȵPĺÿһɆTôSһֳɆTl(f)Ҋͬrһְl(f)Ҋ@ܲfһNҕ[44]@Nҕpp҂һҹɆTxoһՓɶZһ˵ՓɣȻZһ˵ՓɲͬȵһՓɿҲp֮҂ZcҊ֮ƽęCڿܱA ֮ǰ횾}ڿܱ֮ǰq҂⚢һՓĹܵϢ҂һԒһһNnף-һԒɱԱm˹fɱ_Ŀ옷c҂o
Փһ˵Եİl(f)չ͵˸Ľȫһ˲ܱ_ҊòŗԳֵă(ni)ıضʹġò_Ҋ-eDZ횽Լġև`˵ġ֮rʹtܵPڱZijN֔ήªȲe˵H֕rHˣ֪ԼǂųfԒͬrһЩF(xin)힓PЩԼŵͲ\˼룬Ըfe߶ʉՓɵĕrضһe˸Ťĕr҂fՓɕʹ˂?ni)fԒ-κΕr˹fԒ{Փ܉ʹЩfԒ˿ԲfԒՓṩ˸LһҪĭh(hun)
ͬՓҲһԵİl(f)չһNұF(xin)ҌF(xin)չʾͰl(f)չĸNܣÝ_OĿġSص̈́(chung)ͬⷽʽ@oӵóзe˲ͬκ˵Ľ(jng)_HЄӶZԡұF(xin)ضĝܺԸҌF(xin)ij̶ȡ@NһČWһˇgҶͿܚȥǰ
2.2.4.ɷNҪrֵ TcՓе(lin)ϵɵՓǴM@Щӳɾ͵ıҪl֮һ҂һһeӵÿһIՓɵNrֵՓărֵfrֵӳǰNrֵľwrֵֻҪǰNrֵԱϣărֵȻ@F(xin)ȻָɷNҪrֵһNnj(wn)ărֵ
һNnjĻOărֵ
1ՓṩƽֶθĸɼƶȵһlṩijQy(tng)ߵһlҲṩʹMķ(wn)rһl
S˿J飬ՓɄݱ회аfM˂ҕ yʧ˼ԪMoɢ^cļҌڄӁy@N@һNY(ji)匦y(tng)˼ĘOSo͌ՓĴӓ鷥߶y(tng)һЄy(tng)һ˼NȻ@Nڷdzr֕rпԲѶ֮ҲSؓãƽrͺܴĬ(jng)w{ǰָһЩˣ1ԏ߉ʹһД鲻
2½m׃ĭh(hun)µ^
3wR挍}ʹoע@Щ}[45]
ĬָߵĴ_ǡȻ@NԺʎQìF(xin)ڕr(wn)vʷd˼뉺ՓnjӁyһԴ鮐˼Qܱȫסİeqػڵ\һкƽİl(f)йܵȻбl(f)ɞһƉԵ\粼m˹ԣ˂˼롢δϣćΣU
֑֕ɵĉ֣
L֮Թ
Թt{ķ(wn)[46](wn)֮ߣ粼m˹ڡ횽o˂CɵӑՓ_ȴίԼμa֮[47]Փɺ_ӑՓ֮ȫͷ(wn)HʹпܵƽеһNƷ֮Ĺ@һcǰѽ(jng)ָՓɹȻһĻyǃɺ(qun)ȡp(wn)@DZҪġ̵܉ЄϼԿƵĻy
κyⲻMwM֮ƶҪǻۺ̈́[48]^cČҊĶijB(ti)DZҪĺoԻB(yng)mµľrMꐴx^Ĭָǘһͨڅbڴˣ_ɿԱm?sh)ҕһ^̣-ĺε׃ʹ⽩˥ࡣ[49]
(wn)cl(f)չoɵՓ@һoɵ^аl(f)]ɻȱ@һwF(xin)һĸĸrĸһ漰ǧf֮I(y)e`ĸĸʩʎ˲܉PߵҊďVcǸĸﷀ(wn)MͬrĸɹҪYԴǏVģ@һ˻ٔ(sh)ṩгЧĸĸʩȺڌ`̽]ՓɣȺԭ(chung)͵òֵİl(f)]ķ(wn)Ͱl(f)չĸĕrһҪՓɵĕr
2Փߺُ{(dio)ՓɌĻOxĻ漰˻ȺwWƫÆ}y_e`^(q)ec톖}oPǡǡ˵ұF(xin)ķ֮(ni)
ՓɌĻOʾּǣеÿһ˶Й(qun)cĻÿһ˶ܵġF(xin)wxɂ棺1ՓɱϞy(tng)͑TݵʽĻ
2ՓɱϞĻųͅ߅Ļ(c̎xһ)
Փ֮ĻxҪwF(xin)ڃɂ棺Sÿ˶ԱF(xin)WƫNԄeg֪RˮƽôĻ@_ǰٻRһ֧Ҏ(gu)һģʽɘӰ壬ǧ˰ّB(ti)ˇg֮ұF(xin)Y(ji)pĻSSٔ(sh)߳y(tng)ķhȥLԇµĻʽôy(tng)Ļ(ni)ܵõ
Ļһ`ԻӣՓɽoɰďV
2.3.ɷNWf
ՓUՓɵărֵrγһЩͬČWf@ЩWf漰ՓɵIJͬՓCʽ
ՓɵNrֵl(f)F(xin)ȫκұF(xin)γNWf fȫΡ fұF(xin) f[50]JՓ֮ҪĿJՓɵΨһĿˡ[51]fcȫfP(lin)߶ՓҕһNJՓ֮Ҫ˂һN(ni)ڵĵ(qun)ȥ_ҊS_Ҋ܉oõĽY(ji)c˲ͬǣұF(xin)fJՓ֮в܉oٺ̎Դ˵ă(ni)ڵĵ(qun)ǰҕ ߵһҕߵ档ȫfᳫˠsfεķʽУ沢֮ ֮PI֮̎ÿ˶fԒÿֵf鶼f[52]ұF(xin)f֧QՓǷܵo֮Д˜ԓՓǷˣ Пo-ƩǷǷڴM֮ȫ-ԓՓǷߣspeakerıF(xin)[53].Ժcǰߵijl(f)cՓADzͬ
JՓɵĿIJһNǶһϵеǞ˱ϹұF(xin)ҲfĵǣҪnjՓ鹫һN(qun)Ҏ(gu)(qun)֮Ǟ˙(qun)w@Ҳų@NͬrܴMҺw档
·ֶǡɵʥ(jng)c֮gsǹ˵ę(qun)ϻ(qun)ּڱCÿһЩɄZՓ鹫һ헻(qun)DZϹɂϢͱ_ҊеĂM֪RȫֻнrֵKĿڽ֮֮cɂ˳LF(xin)M[54]҂ڵĽǶȁu@N(qun)ȏă(ni)ڵĽǶȿ϶֮(j) ߵ갷ߵo
һNҊʹJe`ҲԌ_Ҫķ̲ṩʹ߸rČ@NҊ˓һNɄZı_Ҋę(qun)һ֪ԣmٝͬ^cLjԛQl(wi)_^cę(qun)fǴxܠҲfʹһ֮ȫһNҊ@һ˳෴ҊôҪʹ@һ˳Ĭ@һˣЙ(qun)ԒҪʹĬ^[55]
ͬһՓɌε\_йDžcβHHǞǵĹQ߫IӋIcһN(qun)҂^еİl(f)ԺͶƱʹ@N(qun)
һNՓ҂횳ɹՓCߵڹã܉Փɵę(qun)һՓCʧ(qun)ĴڄtRΣU҂ĹöJЩ˅sܻJĸöȡՓՓCǴĺȱݵ
ָǣJՓһN(ni)ڙ(qun)Ԅӵرđܱϵķͳ̶ȡ(qun)Ĵc(qun)ȲһmȻٝͬұF(xin)fDzJ鷲顰ıF(xin)Փܵϣ(qun)ԼԸ(j)ՓĸN_ͻIJͬ|(zh)o費ͬՓԲͬı@ЩһֵĿ(ni)ݡ
3.Փɵ
3.1.ȵĺx
ǡ?sh)fՓɵκ֧ՓɵՓƬȱȱfҲ]ЌČ`x^ָϵȣ|(zh)Ļµ|(zh)ϵțQ˵JRϵwF(xin)팦ߵ\ҪϵȄtf߿ɵر_Փؓķ֮ƑPĽ羀ՓɵҲfǷ֮ʩՓϵơ@һ̽ӑļǺ^@Ȼ@һܠʽĆ}[56]
ơһȻ}漰@}֮ǰڌȻϷƵWν(jng)WҲһxһ˂JͳijN^cPϵcsu^cǕr(sh)˕еõҸXĆʧy^tϲԸ⿴Լ^cgCϣe܉ԼҊRϣԼҊy(tng)һе˂һNAܽ^ųZһNͬĴɂͬҊߵλƽஔrһȡһֶfһЙ(qun)-oՓnjƵ߀ę(qun)rпʹ÷ɵԉƌՓ֮ȌHоڃ(yu)ݵλһ܉һ˱_ͬҊ
(j)R˼xΨʷ^Kĺx|(zh)a(chn)Q˼a(chn)@ζձrՓcՓߵĬF(xin)(lin)ϵһr£SoijNՓKĿǾSoijNF(xin)ijNՓҲּډijNČy(tng)AƿصĹ(qun)ԾSoijNRΑB(ti)Ľy(tng)ελ|(zh)ͨ^So@NRΑB(ti)Ľy(tng)ελԾSoc(jng)ϵĽy(tng)ελijЩr^cδȻ֮С(qun)е֮һND(zhun)֮еڅvʷԪԴM˼cՓĶԪҪ֮g_һNB(ti)ݣNJRoͨ^PֲͬҊԸٴν(jng)˼c_ͻl(f)ѪՓɱɞF(xin)
ƵWν(jng)WV҂]lČطһ˵ՓֻǷ˵Փɣ@ՓɵĶЕr_ce`cаc֮gĶǸN֮gĶһͨ˰ЩSocµĸ(j)̓ģ̓ٵcƵăɷ]cϵIJeҪϵIJeR@һcrS܉o費ͬՓһcČݡ҂̽ӑՓɵһҲf̽ӑҷʩՓ֮ϵďȡ
3.2.ɷN
Փɵȡ@һᷨߵՓǽ^@һ沢ǿԽ^؉һ档Ȼڱߵ@һ^crܲᵽһNһ㱻Q顰^x
^xЩ`ǘՓЉһеĽ^HHijЩՓн^ˠsһλĽ^xՓJՓɌ|(zh)ϵ˂cεę(qun)εę(qun)ǽ^Աε^eδƵģՓҲDzƵƵՓһеՓHHcPġՓЩ漰ɴֱӻgͶƱʾҊcP֮}ġՓpolitical speech[57]ˠs팢^oUչP܌WͿƌWČWˇgՓ@ЩՓ_l(f)ǣB(yng)ͶƱrȫ֮Д[58]෴cΟoPġ˽Փprivate speechtoؙ(qun)ˠsJhЙ(qun)xսֹijЩʽՓ^ur[59]J˷ՓǷұ횳^[60]ˠs߀J@ɷNDzìܵģڇ֮hԡ{(dio)regulate(j)ҵՓ_ӣ@N{(dio)]Щy(tng)Իӵ[61]
_˽ڵĽ^xͬˠs֮̎Ľ^ϷHЩ@Փpurely and explicitly political speech@ӵՓ漰֮ОµՓwHنTĹО֮uruҰθxԼPՓ[62]
@N^x˼ҲӰ?C
cx