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F(xin)ɾcЇԒ

l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-08 Դ: ժ c(din)

(ni)ժҪЇԒwĻĬF(xin)x
ͨ^ɴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)(du)ЇF(xin)˜I(y)ؕI(xin)
ͬr(sh)@ҲFĂy(tng)
Մ@Щ}ĬF(xin)(sh)xҲڰl(f)P(yng)x񡪡҇F(xin)M(jn)УȻһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷĻҲfεľ޴΄(w)ꆢɵľʷɷ傀(g)M(jn)S܉EHІʾ

P(gun)I~ЇԒ
F(xin)
x
򄡾

һ

ԒЇаvʷһNĻӰ푶a(chn)čµđ(du)ЇF(xin)˜I(y)ؕI(xin)ʲôFĂy(tng)ʲôwĻʲôՄ@ЩԒ}(hu)ʲôF(xin)(sh)x@˂?c)ڼo(j)Ԓr(sh)ȻشĎׂ(g)}

ӛ1997Ԓʮo(j)r(sh)һ(g)ȫԵČW(xu)g(sh)ӑ(hu)ǴΕ(hu)ͬ־ԡ(zhn)ԡ(g)ցشЇԒĂy(tng)ĻĆ}J(rn)@Ҳǽ҂Մ?w)@(g)Ԓ}r(sh)(yng)׷Ė|Ȼ(dng)r(sh)Ҿ˲ͬ^c(din)Xá(zhn)ԡ@(g)ֲH̵ؽʾ(f)svʷ挍(sh)òζhζ̫߀(hu)(do)Œ(du)Ļ֮ԡˇg(sh)֮ԡĺԣЇ@Nʮ֑Tģǡǡ?yn)@N҂܏ġ˵ľ߶ȡĻr(ji)ֵ^@һЩ(du)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)򄡣fҪĻҕǁ^솖}̫͛]Ļλá[1]ȱʧ@ӵҕǣ҂Ͳܱ^ǡ(dng)?sh)u(png)r(ji)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ĚvʷͺλλġTԡњvʷͿɆɫĶĨЩԓĨĖ|϶Щԓ϶Ė|19571960ݵġٳD@ӵԒ֧֡ɡ䡰(zhn)ԡ(qing)(qing)(dng)Ȼ܏(qing)ǣ䌧(do)ַ١¡_(ti)(sh)١ꂥҲwĻr(ji)ֵ;ָϵĴ}ˡ ȥ桱qŰʽɱc_ٳD(dng)Ȼ(hu)?yn)顰ɡƽٱ϶?du)@һijһr(sh){(dio)Ӷ質đƷy߀ֵԡ(zhn)ԡԿ϶᣿

ιڅcbZ(qun)^Ȼ(hu)γɡ(zhn)ԡ(zhn)ԡ@һ(g)܊ОĿ̖(ho)򄡌Ļ\(yn)б횔[Ó˼SbOߠΡˡȥ桱ı|(zh)r(sh)fڡ@һceԵI(lng)kɵ˼롱wϽy(tng)ζĻA(ch)бܵĴֱx[2]ڸĸ_O(sh)C(hu)Ľ죬y߀Ҫ^ȥǘԡc춷cضc˶†᣿y߀Ҫԡ(zhn)ԡ̖(ho)ȥa(chn)ǷNM˼SԿֲƔġA(j)򡱡޷ޑ򡱼伯ߡӰһ˵F(xin)^tɫ(jng)䡱\Ȼvʷϴ_(sh)^ֱӞζ(w)ĘVʽM˼S͸̗lԒƷǮa(chn)1949꽨֮ǰ30Ϻġoa(chn)A(j)򄡡ctɫK^(q)ġr(nng)򄡡еSĚvʷr(ji)ֵZ(qun)еؕI(xin)(yng)һPĨеЩƷҲoxăA(dng)r(sh)Ľy(tng)Ҫ˙(qun)@ЩƷwԡԡԡP(gun)Ѻ͌ȤԸ؎yԱġˡȥ桱øߠԒfξһDzɱġ@ʹc˵F(xin)挍(sh)@ЩmԵˇg(sh)λ_˾x(du)@һЩƷ߀ҪԺλӲġ(zhn)ԡ϶֮ԴˁĻͲm(dng)?sh)ؿ϶eOķ棨΢ĆɃA򣩣(hu)Oķ棨ԡгеġˡȥ桱֮ף϶顰õĂy(tng)ڽ֮ƽa(chn)ĴƷtyf߀ʲôֵÿ϶Ė|ˣ(dng)ȻijNJ(rn)R(sh)x֮(zhn)ԡܿƌW(xu)̵ظ҇Ԓă(yu)y(tng)cĻңڽ(zhn)ԡᷨ߀׽oЩ(jin)ӹ(hu)W(xu)˼SΌ(sh)xĻxĻ(chng)ڌ(sh)`^m(x)Ӻ͸ɔ_˜I(y)пɳ֮C(j)ͬr(sh)@NfҲ(hu)oW(xu)F(xin)Hͻ񶨬F(xin)ԒṩڡцɺεͬfġɾΡ(zhn)ԡ˺ġĻѡġcĸɻһՄԷ񶨡ġĻ\(yn)(dng)M(jn)߀҇򄡵ġF(xin)ԡ׷ԒĮa(chn)Ͱl(f)չǡǡ҇򄡬F(xin)һ(g)Ҫ(bio)־҇򄡵ġF(xin)ԡ׷Ҳ͵ڷ҇ԒĴx

_^Ďׂ(g)}Ȼá(zhn)ԡشô_Ĵ𰸑(yng)ԓʲôJ(rn)ЇԒwĻĬF(xin)x
ͨ^ɴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)(du)ЇF(xin)˜I(y)ؕI(xin)
ͬr(sh)@ҲFĂy(tng)
Մ@Щ}ĬF(xin)(sh)xҲڰl(f)P(yng)@һ񡪡҇F(xin)M(jn)Ȼһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷġĻҲfεľ޴΄(w)

҂J(rn)ԒĚvʷϣx񲢲εġ(zhn)ԡĿF(xin)
҂Ҳ횿Ļr(ji)ֵ(du)Ї(hu)ṩ^⡱͡ᡱģ(du)ʷl(f)]^õЩMF(xin)xđ򄡵ĄČW(xu)_(ti)ݳ҇Ԓ(hu)(jng)vĻB(yng)ʹdžx߆xġвЕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)򡰸顱ʧSȥЩڅr(sh)(yng)Ι(qun)(sh)ʧ֮1958hġʮˮ앳ġtԺȣĻɫdž׷ɡ׷˵ĬF(xin)҇Ԓʷ򄡼hخܡܷWٻꐰ׉m桢⡭Լ1949֮_(ti)ҦһȔ?sh)ȵȣ򄡻?dng)͑򄡄(chung)Ļ(chng)r(ji)ֵA򣬿Կһ}F(xin)xĂy(tng)(ni)ஔ(dng)Sɫʸͬ

@f@Щ򄡼ң΃A˼Ȥˇg(sh)׷DzһӵġЇF(xin)֪R(sh)ՓxAģ߀xA׷˵ĬF(xin)eo(j)~(hu)ͬԸ҇Ԓ@һʽҪɬF(xin)֪R(sh)ӷeO(do)c(chung)ЇF(xin)֪R(sh)ӵĚvʷʹdžǏ˼ĻϽoЇF(xin)˜I(y)

ʲôǡɡ

ձxvһN˼ĻF(xin)֮ǽΡ֪סfĆɡEnlightenment~ǡ⡱ǰ˵ɱζް^XF(xin)x_@(g)W(xu)ԣ20o(j)(hu)W(xu)fġF(xin)dž˼fġ[3] һЌƽy(tng)ξx_о_֮g(sh)ˡ]^s߀[4] ɾnj(du)˶ϲgv_ؾĿgǽo˱_(d)˼ij˂(yng)ԓӛÿԏጡɡr(sh)һԣһxɣ׺Կ϶ɼ[5] fһ(g)ʮձĵҎ(gu)

xf18o(j)l(f)^һ(chng)Ӱ푾޴h(yun)ġ(bio)־ˡ֮Xѵ˼Ļ\(yn)(dng)҇ĩҲ^Ƶ˼ĻAa(chn)δγɴҎ(gu)ģ\(yn)(dng)l(f)20o(j)ġġĻ\(yn)(dng)ھcĆx“(lin)ϵҲcĆ(yng)ڬF(xin)ձ鱻飺ڡv(g)ԡvڡȺvv
˵˼ķԵڰнųı`B(ti)½ųʹ֮낀(g)ɡ@һNCĬF(xin)ˡɞF(xin)֮ˡɞF(xin)ҡx_@ЩҪO(sh)C(hu)ȫһԒ

vʷŒ(sh)ѽ(jng)CΨЬF(xin)ɾЇԒr(sh)@r(sh)[r(sh)(qing)r(sh)ĿFy(tng)Ҳ@һͨ^(chng)ݳ̈́xl(f)Ї˵˼ź;ڴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)l(f)]˷eOĶƄ(dng)ЇF(xin)M(jn)̡M@(dng)гM˾޴ۺͷ(f)\Ȼˇg(sh)ʽԊ衢Сfɢġ(bo)ČW(xu)Ҳͬܰl(f)]ɵã˵ļw_w(yn)ıݣڂܷʽϵă(yu)(sh)ʹ(hu)Ը(qing)(du)˵О顢Ӱ؄eܵx\(yn)(dng)ҕ[6]vʷϵĎׂ(g)P(gun)Ir(sh)Ԓ\(yn)(dng)֮؄eS?yn)@һc(din)ǰ‘1907ġū䛡F(xin)ЇԒc(din)ġr(sh)(g)2030ĬF(xin)ԒڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)Є(chung)˹xI(y)1949֮1956195719781989@ɂ(g)r(sh)ԒҲ؄edʢl(f)˱^(hu)Ӱ]ЬF(xin)ɾ@ЩDzܵġЇԒĻֻЏĆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)@(g)ǶȁŸՓͬF(xin)(sh)x@fԒ҇Įa(chn)Ͱl(f)չQHHڂy(tng)đ֮һ(g)µ_(ti)ʘʽŒ(sh)Ԓvʷxһ(g)Ļʹԑˇg(sh)Ї˵ľ˼ĻI(lng)(g)ĬF(xin)_پ֮·

߀˰ш(jin)֡(zhn)ԡc(jin)R˼xͬ@һ(g)J(rn)R(sh)`^(q)R˼xcĻr(ji)ֵ^иĚvʷ“(lin)ϵ猦(du)ˡĆ}ĻR˼˹YxģYxƄ(dng)(hu)ĬF(xin)F(xin)ڡˡ˵ġ}ҲYa(chn)A(j)Yx(hu)(du)Ƅ(dng)^YxF(xin)˜I(y)ġɡĻs^кͰl(f)չR˼xڽQ˵ġ}r(sh)^l(f)չxȡ֮t(hu)NNΆɡάF(xin)ԡΣѽ(jng)Ŀ֪꡶a(chn)hԡһ(g)Ҫ^c(din)𣺡ǴA(j)A(j)(du)Ya(chn)A(j)f(hu)ģ@һ(g)“(lin)wÿ(g)˵ɰl(f)չһ˵ɰl(f)չėl[7]@ǡǡfR˼xcF(xin)R(sh)һЇԒʷЇꆢxĻһᆢر܆ǛQȻՄЇԒĚvʷՓĻ}

80ԁЩ򄡡ȥλˣڷ񶨺͡☋(gu)?yn)ֻɺε?lin)ϵȫߵą^(q)eɾ񡱺͡(zhn)ԡP(gun)ϵ񡰆ɡ͡ΡP(gun)ϵһ߼“(lin)ϵЅ^(q)e̎ͬһ(g)Ļ\(yn)(dng)п׃\(yn)(dng)\(yn)(dng)Ҳ(hu)چɵďԳǣ_M(jn)cڰ(dng)`Čcǔ†ʷy(tng)g(sh)еҪһh(hun)\y(tng)v(zhn)ԡͷֲ@ɷNΣҲͷֲ憢cنɣɱΣڿՑ(zhn)Ԓˡخ]ʲôϵġ(zhn)ԡЏ(qing)ҵĆɾ񡪡J(rn)R(sh)Լɺ(yn)_y(tng)ε؇efͥfwơfr(sh)ȥ׷ˡF(xin)@cδ“(lin)ϵ(zhn)ݳġوDꐰ׉mtһ¶Їh֮Sϲ]ІµR(sh)ô(hu)̡ϬS^ȥЕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)ѡˡوDĆɾfɡ(zhn)ԡ(c(din)̎xһ)

ǃHHָƷ˼Aа(zhn)f˼롢fď(qing)Ҫ@Ȼ֧ˡوD}Σ@[cѣָߵһԣ
60ġ޷ޑ򡱡A(j)cĸеġӰеcǔָߵČ(du)ԣôϵġ(zhn)ԡԽ(qing)侫(sh)|(zh)Ļr(ji)ֵ^ϷF(xin)˵Ć}ԽӇ(yn)ءoՓôfܰцɾϵġ(zhn)ԡһՄ

҇Ľ(jng)(j)ĻQ֮(hu)˼˵׃DV֮SF(xin)M(jn)̵ۺͷ(f)ھ׷Ļr(ji)ֵ^һֱcɵČ(du)ĥc@˵ĬF(xin)ǰڃ(ni)ĬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)ĸҪҲfvʷwġˡҪھB(ti)ϳɞ顰F(xin)ˡ[8]҇F(xin)ʷԒ\(yn)(dng)Ԓ(chung)d˥áʧƳҊ˵ĆԵĽ(gu)ؽԱe˵ľg_ء]cU(ku)չM(jn)ˡ֮gxcF(xin)˜I(y)һvʷشһ(g)Sε܉Eѭ@(g)vʷ܉E҂ЇԒ֮ꡱĆɾ(g)ԵεR(sh)˵Ե(yn)һ@ʹЇԒʮP(gun)ע(hu)ܲΡӱ
һ棬ʹܳԽ(hu)(hu)εĸӹ͹HP(gun)ϵ_(ti)(sh)|(zh)ھI(lng)ġ(du)ԒһƷλĸߵ(dng)ȻǿĻbҪ@(du)Ԓ֮񾳽oɣ򄡾񾳽ĸߵc򄡼҆xď(qing)СoP(gun)ܷġˡĸ߶׃(hu)HP(gun)ϵIJCC

һλ򄡽Ҫȥλfvɾǻصιߵ·ȥ@?yn)ֲ冢cεIJeĶҲͲĻɾ(du)һˇg(sh)ˇg(sh)ҵ`xֻё򄡮(dng)һN`ġˇôҪ_u(png)r(ji)Ěvʷ͌(sh)`һdzy¡@λ?yn)鿴ɵĬF(xin)r(ji)ֵƺаvʷЇԒ߀㲻҂ʹ㣬Ҳ^HHDZNеһ(g)[9]J(rn)ֻTĴRɽȾ݆TcҲš20o(j)ǰ~Ї򄡵߳ɾ͡[10]@Զ„һЩĻxζxԵġJ(rn)ͬcgY(ji)(hu)ʹ֪R(sh)ĻxK(du)̽Ҳˇg(sh)(chung)NNĻxǶƺ͸ɔ_҇F(xin)Ԓl(f)չı˼ʲô҇F(xin)ԒУǷN_(d)߶˼;տˇg(sh)y(tng)һľQһ(jng)Ʒ?yn)ȱǷN(qing)ҵwR(sh)͸߶ȵɾΌ(sh)R(sh)ֿô(qing)ˇg(sh)R(sh)sஔ(dng)ҿ@cvʷLõČxĻ(du)ɾĶP(gun)Ҳcٹ̵Ļx(du)탞(yu)ĻĵP(gun)҂o(j)ԒɾM(jn)SΚvʷ܉Eܲ|@ЩP(gun)I}

@(g)F(xin)ɾM(jn)˵S܉E¿Կ֮@傀(g)vʷĶÿһΡՏһ(g)͸¶Ї߳o(j)~F(xin)ľʷԺ͏(f)s

һ(g)40@ЇԒѿ19o(j)ĩ20o(j)l(f)չ20o(j)^20꣩죨20o(j)30ĕr(sh)ڡ@һvʷr(sh)ή(dng)F(xin)xăɴ픳ΌxcĻx]ֹͣ^(du)F(xin)ĵ˼Ļl(f)չĿڅ(sh)⡱cڅͬJ(rn)Ļr(ji)ֵͨԺ͹ͬԣJ(rn)ͬM(jn)ĻЕr(sh)F(xin)͡(ni)ͬR˼x˴˄(sh)cxȡһµĻ(chng)‘򵽬F(xin)Ԓx(q)˼ϵĺڰB(ti)I(lng)@һˇg(sh)۵ĵ·ϲǰM(jn)Щ(yu)Ʒľo˼(g)ԽţԌ(du)׷mȻ(dng)ćḩĻxP(yng)W(xu)⡱팦(du)ϵČxһM(jn)˼K]ֹ҇򄡬F(xin)M(jn)

ġr(sh)cԒP(gun)

1(du)fҪǾ

2(du)F(xin)ԒĵĴᳫ

3(du)ײx IbsenismďVP(yng)

@c(din)ڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)һҲcԒdʢѪP(gun)ĸ_ٵ·

(du)fУmȻoƫHʧ(dng)֮̎ҪȱvʷxqCȱˇg(sh)˂y(tng)W(xu)ϵɫԼڬF(xin)׃ıҪcܣ@һڏ(qing)ı؄(sh)ž򄡵ĬF(xin)_·ɛ]ЩʿWٻҲ(du)fǾһЩc(din)硰ɫˇ񡱵ȫȻȱʽĘVġc(ni)ϡĘVġȥ桱ľ޴ìȵȣУҲǺoʹ쿴Ҳol(f)@(du)ЄĘI(y)ˆTҲһάF(xin)^ĽtfҲ(hu)ȥX،m(yng)•r(sh)^ˇg(sh)֮·F(xin)ЩСY(ji)˄(dng)máġt(du)fЁf£fȫe(cu)`@fĻx(chng)֮߀fʲ

Ԓ\(yn)(dng)ֱP(gun)ϵF(xin)˵˼Sͱ_(d)(du)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ĬF(xin)P(gun)ҪQЇ򄡏ĹŵΑB(ti)F(xin)ΑB(ti)D(zhun)͵ZԆ}mġ˲xfԒėlֵעǡҪfԼԒefe˵Ԓʲôr(sh)fʲôr(sh)Ԓ@ӵᷨ[11](du)F(xin)ČW(xu)͑򄡵ZԱ_(d)ĸĸl(f)˾޴ӰԒҪڷʽǡ(du)Ԓ]аԒ͛]ЬF(xin)ԒH]аԒF(xin)hZһЩطԽu(png)Լ¾F(xin)ҲDzO(sh)Ԓ֮dʹdԒȡČW(xu)ϵăr(ji)ֵ͚vʷλ҂xخǘӽ(jng)đZܲxġԒ\(yn)(dng)ڲܡδ20Ԓ\(yn)(dng)tʹhĭ݅ǘӸԊ~đ򄡡ČW(xu)ϵĵλǹ̶[12]֮]СġԒ\(yn)(dng)͛]ЬF(xin)򄡵˼Sͱ_(d)ķʽ͛]ЬF(xin)Ԓ֮Ԓ

䑪(yng)ԓ(qing){(dio)ǣ(du)mġײxһģ^ȥһֱ]ᵽ@ӵĸ߶ȁJ(rn)R(sh)҇F(xin)xĽ(jng)īI(xin)֮һҲ҂_F(xin)򄡾񌚎һ耳סЇ򄡬F(xin)^ײ͡ײxl(f)^޴Ӱl(wi)˵Ă(g)ɺ(yn)(hu)؟(z)ǡײxĺľ@һ(hu)ӳF(xin)(sh)F(xin)˵Ը\(yn)Ķҳ(hu)֮@ײ򄡵ĬF(xin)(sh)xҲ҇F(xin)򄡵ķײǾxȫr(ji)ֵġŲ(j)˹ڮ(dng)r(sh)֮ԳF(xin)ČW(xu)s?yn)ǷN(hu)B(ti)a(chn)˔[ÓūԵġˡֻ@ӵСԼԸԼׄ(chung)ĺͪ(d)ľ񡱡[13]mġײxOĴľ@Nr(ji)ֵ^Ļ(chng)҇F(xin)ԒĆx·ɴ˴_2030a(chn)һ(yu)ㄡƷwF(xin)@Nɾ񣬴M(jn)ЇˬF(xin)R(sh)XՓhܷ߀DzخԒ֮(yu)֮֮z^֮꡷ճ֮Ϻ¡֮@^Ǵ졷ȵĸ(g)ǶȌ(du)⽨xĽ¶(du)ƌW(xu)ɵĺc(du)Ե_B͸˞鱾ĬF(xin)ɾ

30ġ򄡡c1942֮ǷN߶λ˵ĘOͬǰǡҰڷ(du)hxcɵĻ(chng)һЩ턡h˵ƷԳMx
߄tȻǡ(dng)(qun)ߵĹߣԵؓ(f)ӰԽԽ䷴ɵ|(zh)tҪ1957֮ſҊģֵһǣ30ܷںӱʡh_չġr(nng)򄡡(sh)(yn)ҲnjڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)֮һһ\(yn)(dng)x|(zh)ģ]ȥ׷ǷNϡҡġ(zhn)ԡԯr(nng)ġޡF˽Ĵ󲡰Yּ҇r(nng)ݔһNϵR(sh)Ԓz^dzƌW(xu)š(q)^ȡǹĴr(nng)(hu)ģ@ĆxA^ȥ(du)оJ(rn)R(sh)ʮw\

ڶ(g)vʷĶ䣬ĿՑ(zhn)_ʼs15r(sh)g@һr(sh)ڣЇĻڅ(sh)һ ⡱D(zhun)򡰃(ni)򡰃(ni)c(f)šY(ji)ϣ򡰖|@ġ|ָcĻČ(du)1938_ʼġ廯}ĠՓfڿ(zhn)Ĵ̼ʹ˵۹Ɍ(du)mĻr(ji)ֵP(gun)עD(zhun)?q)ĿgcԵĽ]ĻđB(ti)_]ԺͰ]տs1953ŗm(x)x򡱵ķ@һ˺ġ(hu)xr(sh)ڡһ@15Ԓ^m(x)(jin)֬F(xin)ɾڿ(zhn)q(chung)ԼġSr(sh)ͬr(sh)ĺăr(ji)ֵ^ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)⵽Ό(sh)xĻxB(qing)(zhn)廯ĠՓЌ(du)ɵĈ(jin)ҲЌ(du)ɵķ(du)}Щ`С廯ƫH򄡵ĆxΌ(sh)xĻx_ĶġF(xin)@(g)}ڽ쿴ѽ(jng)ʮԒČW(xu)Ą(chung)fһ_ʼءȻڡ廯·ϵһhWٻcy(tng)Ļ򾉣(du)f֪֮HʹĄ(chung)ȡԒ@Nʽˇg(sh)ZԡL(fng)ζԼƷ(ni)ЬF(xin)ЇеľҲoЇ_(ti)ݳf1920tcɺֵܵȺϺ_(ti)ݳ۠mʒ{ġA֮šI(y)⵽ʧfԒġ廯߀һ(g)ֵעĆ}Ԓô1924򄡅f(xi)(zh)(do)һλ۠mµġ̵ӡԭСصנ˵ӡ@ɹtfԒݳʽѽ(jng)ɹء廯ˡ30J(rn)ЇԒѽ(jng)ʲôгǏZY(ji)(gu)\(yn)õƳ̶fҲ˼_(d)ˮ(zhn)fѽ(jng)ɞصصЇF(xin)򄡵һNʽһNһNΑB(ti)lfܡĵЩԒ҇F(xin)򄡵Ľ(jng)(yng)ԓf30ĩԒ廯ѽ(jng)ˡF(xin)v򄡡ȻԒų@һ(g)R(sh)Եe(cu)`

1938_ʼġԒ廯ӑՓĻYԴ،F(xin)򄡵ĵ·ڴM(jn)Ԓİl(f)չзeOxˈ(jin)֬F(xin)_ҊL(fng)һéh˵ҊҲ¶ġF(xin)ĻxAصgصŵ䣩䌍(sh)挦(du)I(y)ѳЇԒٴvvʲô廯ѽ(jng)һ(g)oķʧġRڡˆ(dng)Ȼǟoķʧ^Ї廯ЃɷN_ŵĻđB(ti)cڷ]ĻđB(ti)ǰǷeOģO[14]ĻxٺߣcϵČx\񶨡ġx·Ҫ׌ԒĬF(xin)򄡻صǰF(xin)ǰɵĘy(tng)еĹ߻Ӱġ廯(sh)ζJָԡl(f)P(yng)¡Ӱĵȼ(j)qo(h)^ʽЇɫwF(xin)Ļr(ji)ֵ^϶(c(din)̎xһ)

@(g)·ȥ˺(hu)ĬF(xin)գǧ⽨xĻ͕(hu)ڡ̖(ho)µm(x)ĚvʷŒ(sh)C@һc(din)

1951_չӰӖ(xn)Ķ(qun)ľ޴Ι(qun)ݺݴĻȇ˼룬@A(y)ʾF(xin)ɾ񌢕(hu)ۺͷ(f)

(g)vʷ䣬ġx򡱽Y(ji)1953޿Զëɖ|P(gun)ˇ}ĵһ(g)Ҫʾζĸ_Ļ1963ꡣ@10򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)(jng)v۶(f)s׃mȻr(sh)ð^wfDzήsڇh(qun)?q)c_(ti)ģ˂Ȼذй(qun)ĽҕЇڬF(xin)ɾžĽY(ji)@һDŮ1953꣩һеɡR(sh)c^ȥġx“(lin)ϵ@N“(lin)ϵc(du)(qun)ĸힾooһԓŮ˹ġ@|(zh)ģһԼأ˺l(wi)(g)˪(d)ɵ{(dng)˄}ďġ򡱣@һI(lng)v(g)ԣ?q)Ⱥ򡱣@һI(lng)ҪvΣ֮F(xin)wƟolؿ϶͸힕r(sh)ݲHfˡҏ(qing){(dio)fLJҵԡҡx˵Ă(g)ԵķN@Ȼ@c`ĽhI(lng)ġ힄ģ醢֮ҪxġȺ(qun)硱ЇF(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ȱ˱_ʼ@¶(dng)P(yng)ɡ(g)Եĕr(sh)(g)ˏСšs䵽˲Ƽsćҙ(qun)һԪ֮¡(yng)ԓf@xϵćǡtotalitarianismֱgǡwxJ(rn)һ(g)ߟoϵwʹ@(g)ɵġw(qun)ͽoO(qun)x͂΂(g)xĽY(ji)ṩһNgڌ(do)׷(g)ԽʼO˵؉ւ(g)ԽK@ӵһNɵı[15]@ӵġɵıʹɡ^񡪡ˡֻʣһ(g) x䌍(sh)ǡ񡱡ܓP(yng)Փ(hu)x}r(sh)fI(lng)Į׃˼I(lng)Įǂ(g)šū܌W(xu)[16]S๩ҡ(w)εđݳͲ̶ͬȵ@Nɵı߉݋

^ġx19561957̕˼гF(xin)ġķNBֽˡķһđ򄡡˄߲Hٰь(du)׷c(du)(qun)ĸ“(lin)ϵ෴и(qun)ھI(lng)†}(g)ܵijN֣⵽ijNŤJ|ˬF(xin)(sh)һ(g)Ѵڵδ԰յĆ}˴µ̖(ho)硰w(hu)xhI(lng)(do)֮`еąsꐸ󐺵ķ⽨֮˽ԓǂ(g)F(tun)֧ίغMڡM(jn)ԒZёͯУԸ۳顰Bҕ˽ԡMxֱ؄Z(g)˵ɡ@ȻBڡ•r(sh)φ}ײPµ҇ġr(sh)׷(g)Խŵǘӣ[Ó(du)һNfǂ(g)ߟoϵġw_ƾ`l(wi)Լ˸(yn)ڄDŽBֽˡ@dzMcF(xin)R(sh)ġײx50٬F(xin)1957ꡰɡԺSһ⣬@ӵđ(dng)ȻDzR(sh)ΑB(ti)͘Oˇu(png)ݵSM(jn)\(yn)(dng)еһЩF(xin)ǷNߟoϵļ(qun)xcI(lng)µĿͿġ^hġP(gun)h䡷@ӵĺÑ(gu)˼1956-1957gγɵ֮1958ʬF(xin)_(ti)ԭġǰ힄·ӣ߀(g)fr(sh)ıo(h)߄t˼o(j)ĻP(gun)hęC(j)(hu)1957֮ͬСtԺһͬh߀Сʮˮ앳ٮ(dng)r(sh)Ļh(hun)¸ġSM(jn)څr(sh)(yng)֮ҵĴ󔡹P1962ëɖ|(qing){(dio)A(j)ҪvvvF(xin)@һ}đ򄡴󶼎зF(xin)ăA硶һǧfҪӛS֮ɎX힡SR(do)ݵġM(jn)Mַ·f(sh)侫(ni)tcЩ޷ޑ򡱲o¡@һ(g)ʹЩϲgԴˑ?yn)ҫSϡ^ڌ֮ʹ޺µڱ@茑^(dng)(x)(ji)^挍(sh)đҲÓˡA(j)Ӗ(xn)]·(sh)ҌСYa(chn)A(j)ġL(fng)ҕʹˉħ¶(du)F(xin)һNĪĿֺ֑ͳҕ@ǏġA(j)޷ޡ@r(sh)ĸѽ(jng)Ǻ֮ˡ

19631977@ǵĂ(g)vʷ䣬@ҲǬF(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ʷһ(g)˵ĕr(sh)lfĸGЇfy(tng)ʹˡɞ顰ˡĻxfĸֱ@һy(tng)˘O£ͬr(sh)mȻڡKޡ̖(ho)·ŗ50K“(lin)һ߅ķ(sh)|(zh)ǰЌ˹ֵĘO(qun)xO@һr(sh)ڣ֮һF(xin)R(sh)ȫȱf߀ЩSԵԒǴڵ¡ǷB(ti)еģ򄡵ġˌW(xu)λصĨH򄡣BK򄡃HĬF(xin)(sh)xy(tng)ҲGһ(du)˹̹˹˹ͱF(xin)@NGĽ^(du)@һF(xin)(sh)xġ޷ޑӰ򡱱@һr(sh)ڵĴ^1963ǂ(g)ζĸL(fng)RҪʾëɖ|1964һ(g)Ҫʾ@ɂ(g)ʾˇg(sh)ĬF(xin)ëɖ|޵İӡ(du)cйoՓ(du)T١A|ԒRݣȫRݡһ(g)(g)򄡽ġ¼䌍(sh)ȫĸһ·(bio)İ˂(g)Ӱ򡱁ڡĸdzǵǡǡ򄡬F(xin)֮(bio)־ԒsڡĸЎ׺mȻĸԒҲһȱι߁ʹsѾ顰Ҫ@?yn)飬Ԓ@NF(xin)ʽc֪R(sh)cF(xin)ɾ“(lin)ϵyԞδ(jng)ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)ġϴYֱӱ˵ġr(nng)ҲyԌʽ̓(ni)ݷ_ȥǷN|(zh)⚤(chung)¡(ni)fġάF(xin)ԡ̖(ho)Q֡F(xin)ġӰ򡱣|(zh)⚤Ǹ߶ȬF(xin)ҲfǸ߶ȡ侫(ni)s϶һЩ⽨xĻϵĖ|Ty^Ѫy(tng)ՓhԼ(g)šӢ۳ݵȵ(sh)|(zh)ǡŵxġǡF(xin)ġһλu(png)Ҍ(du)ŵxķHm҂ġӰָҪһZƹŵx(ni)Ԓ҂F(xin)һ؞F(xin)ŵxΌƵľͬķNNģʽ͗lҎ(gu)^ǣÁƺ͉˵Ļܵľԣ@Щ|Q(hu)F(xin)κɛQֻһN(qing)˵[17]Ӱ̖(ho)QǡF(xin)(sh)xcxY(ji)ϡƷеġF(xin)(sh)nj(du)ԵŤ硶ۡеġA(j)^롱tǿų↢ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)ԡаԒɱųԸ\(yn)֮F(xin)(dng)ȻQ(hu)oԡκɛQ족KֻǽoһN(qing)ӵľ`͉

197830҇F(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ʷĵ傀(g)䡣@һǰ10ǾA10ǡƣܛе^xʷ S ܉E80ˏ(f)wġՏЇ˵Ļ۹ٶ⡱cH܉J(rn)ͬĻr(ji)ֵĹͬͨԣĻă(yu)ɹHһ(g)vʷĘf@ǻصġܾf@ǡ]ͣЇM(jn)˸ĸ_ŵһȫ˼ʹ򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)õ(f)KmȻɾ˷NNۺͷ(f)r(sh)M(jn)r(sh)r(sh)[r(sh)@K߀ؽ80ЇԒһ(g)ஔ(dng)x͵ĕr(sh)Ļ˞鱾ЌxߓP(yng)ĵĬF(xin)x1979֮ǰһˎ͡đS_(ti)΃AĻ(chng)s߀һ1979ԡġɳ~µȣ(bio)־l(f)һ(g)D(zhun)ġǽ¶(dng)r(sh)ʹ޵ġߺT֮L(fng)(sh)H|˼(qun)y(tng)²ܼsġ١co(qun)֮񡱵ìܣҲ(qun)oO(jin)@һ(g)eyʮеΆ}@һ}˽͸@F(xin)(sh)ԺͼJˣMܴ˄ܹθԕ(hu)韩80ĿwĻB(ti)(sh)cͬˡȻĸ_ŵIJѽ(jng)ֹͣô֧@һ˜I(y)Ļr(ji)ֵ^cF(xin)R(sh)ͲһαƷǣ19801989@10Ї򄡾һlػ̽ǰM(jn)Ć֮·ڑ򄡵ľָČ(du)F(xin)(sh)(du)һз˵F(xin)ٵ(du)vʷĻ׷c˼g؞(du)Ե_͌(du)˵`̽c(yng)ԓf@10džԲؽcӏ(qing)Ķʹġ򄡾񡱵õߓP(yng)10򄡵˼gˇg(sh)gõ˿ǰU(ku)Щ(yu)ㄡЇǷNeO_šP(yng)ϵľֻ@r(sh)򄡲ŕ(hu)@ĬF(xin)ԡF(xin)ˡԾɞ鱾ġg(sh)F(xin)ˡھI(lng)ƽȡ(du)ԒἰġġԒСͬ?jin)ƣһ(g)ߌ(du)ߵLVtϲ¡κȣ܇վн\ƣɣƺo(j)¡ӶƽġЬF(xin)(sh)ăr(ji)ֵ^Ļ(chng)򄡆ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)(qing)ҵıF(xin)@ЩھϵĹͬc(din)ǣ˸һ(g)װ׵ġF(xin)ˡ򄡵ġˌW(xu)λ@л֏(f)ˡ30ܷخЩӳr(nng)(hu)Ԓcɣƺo(j)¡ؿЇ򄡼Ҍ(du)r(nng)r(nng)}İ_(d)ĆԵĸ߶ȣDz֮ڰԒʷ@10׷ġġxĻ\(yn)(dng)еĬF(xin)†21o(j)Їƽl(f)չr(sh)‘xʮشfС̱xҲ^

90ԁء|(zh)ԙ(qun)cXY(ji)ϞģĔDήsЈ(chng)(jng)(j)ĻM(jn)c(hu)wƸĸĜʹD(zhun)ڵĻy֮̓Ļa(chn)Ʒƽӹ·80ߓP(yng)ġɾ񡱵mȻ]ȫѲôrǾ|(zh)⚤֮ʢw(ni)֮˥ đؑ^ʢ¡ԒwϹƒ@һZ(dng)һr(sh)^@һF(xin)Ĵ¡☋(gu)ɵЇF(xin)ֳcW(xu)ɡ˄(sh)(du)@ЩOF(xin)ƲӰµ_(ti)Ͱl(f)@һr(sh)fɘO˼̧^c؄(sh)đffһ(g)ƽӹr(sh)֮ˇg(sh)̈́(chung)ؚ(dng)Ȼ90ķɲͬǡܛԵġ׃ε[εʮ(dng)̽ǰM(jn)֮߀ڕr(sh)(qing)r(sh)ҫ򄡵Ą(chung)ݳԒҦh(yun)t¡(chng)ΣwҫԼС(chng)h˼Ͼx(c(din)̎xһ)

߀F(xin)xĻ·ߵwfһ(g)ֻX͡(qun)]ˆɵ(mng)Ԋ(hu)ô(hu)Сɿgġ򄡾90򄡌(sh)`Ј(jin)ֆɵĻ(chng)^ȥDyҲӱҪ

֮ԒSЇ(hu)^һdzһ(g)Ŀ(bio)F(xin)ǰM(jn)ģ?yn)@(g)(hu)̎ښvʷĴжyԱۺͷ(f)һǡһ(g)݆ءһ(g)o(j)ǰl(f)c(din)ϵЩ}һ(g)µߵČᵽ҂ǰ@һćҬF(xin)ǰ;fСđ򄡬F(xin)\(yn)fȻһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷ΄(w)ЇĆɮ(dng)Ȼвن}ͽӖ(xn)ֵ÷˼@Ƿ񶨻򡰽☋(gu)ɵɾ񣨌I(y)һЩԒԽСɿg񡱣Ǒ֮ꡱԒ40qՕr(sh)hҪl(f)һΞ򄡡лꡱ\(yn)(dng)(ni)(zhn)δ죬Ԓĕr(sh)׌҂?c)һκԒ(g)򄡡лꡱ

20061217ճ塢

2007321ӆͲS

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ϵ(hu)ƌW(xu)شn}P(gun)(xing)ĿF(xin)˼cЇČW(xu)AԳɹ֮һ

[1] []ߠϕr(sh)˵˼롷һg107퓣K1998

[2] ͬ187

[3] []ER˾^F(xin)ԥg181Ϻgij1996档

[4] ѸĩeՄѸȫ1207퓣ČW(xu)1981

[5] ͬ3187퓡

[6] 1902Ąٻ҉(mng)f㿴ǰ·ʮĵĕr(sh)L(fng)ײǺͽЇһӆ᣿̝һ(g)˽иؠSСf򱾣һˏ˯(mng)ІҊļȫʮؠx˼ҡ򄡼g̩

[7] R˼˹xһ2731972

[8] @^˵F(xin)eū`B(ti)һ(g)(d)֮
eB(ti)һ(g)֮
eäĠB(ti)һ(g)X(g)Խȫ֮
eҕ˾鸸ĸϠ?sh)ijB(ti)һ(g)ںl(wi)(g)ɡƽș(qun)ĬF(xin)uQČW(xu)20045퓣

[9] ЇĄNԥ愡Խu(png)ȵقy(tng)W(xu)һԣ糪ԡʽһQ֮顰Ї
Ԓtˇg(sh)ΑB(ti)W(xu)ȫͬһNQ܌wϱNеһ(g)֔(jn)ڡ20o(j)Ї򄡵ĬF(xin)׷һf20o(j)ஔ(dng)„NQеԒԽu(png)ȵȳP(gun)ע͚gӭĄN@@ȻǑ򄡷W(xu)ϵһN

[10] ֔(jn)λ廯c20o(j)Ї򄡡Ϸĉ20015ڡ

[11] mO(sh)ČW(xu)Փmļ245퓣W(xu)1998

[12] ЇČW(xu)ϵ򄡼(do)ԡ48퓣ϺшDӡˢ˾1935

[13] R˼˹x44741972

[14] ԔҊ׾cr(sh)135142ČW(xu)2004

[15] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615ա

[16] ܓP(yng)P(gun)R˼xĎׂ(g)}̽ӑ?qng)?bo)1983316

[17] []ղءR֮SСg151Ӣu(png)ҺղءF(xin)(sh)xһ֮ԣVW(xu)2001

P(gun)~Ԓ Ї

c(din)x

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