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ǕԄºЇl(xing)ڄ(dng)ЈD(zhun)еԹͻ(dng)c(hu)֌(1978-1996)

l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-03 Դ: c(din)

Ҫ˙C(j)(hu)(dng)Փҕ,Áጲͬ(hu)Є(dng)挦ڄ(dng)ЈD(zhun)^ЙC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃wr(sh)ķ(yng),Լͬ(dng)^Ӱ(hu)֌ĸ׃һ(xing)ȫԵij{(dio)锵(sh)(j),z(yn)Їкr(nng)еĄڄ(dng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ,Լ@NģʽڲͬĸĸA׃,P(gun)עc(din)ǸɲΑ(yng)µЈC(j)(hu){(dio)Yϵķ,ĸ,͸ɲڳK˂ɞԹ͘I(y),r(nng)ЅsȻ,SĸM(jn),иɲԽԽܳɞԹ͘I(y),ҲֻЩڸĸЩAγɞԹߵ^ߵ냞(yu)ĵĽY(ji)Փָ,о(hu)xD(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)и(g)(hu)Ⱥwă(yu)Pӄݵ׃r(sh),҂(yng)ԓڄ(dng)Ϋ@(hu)λ/Ⱥwݵ(dng)^̿]M(jn)

P(gun) I ~Թ͂򡡄ڄ(dng)Ј(hu)֌ӡЈD(zhun)

˽вTǰ(hu)xеijF(xin)SĉѴٷ佛(jng)(j)Ј(jng)(j)D(zhun)^вɷָһ(Bonnell & Gold ,2002) |W20 o(j)60 ,Ї70 ,ЈC(j)ƾu뵽(hu)xٷ佛(jng)(j)֮,ԴM(jn)a(chn),˂ˮƽ,Ͳm,r(nng)͹ͱSһЩr(nng)I(y)˽й̘I(y)(dng),ٍȡ~ļͥ(Szelnyi ,1988) ;Ї,ͥ“(lin)a(chn)а؟(z)ƵČ(sh)ጷųr(nng)ʣڄ(dng),еS_ʼ·r(nng)a(chn)I(y)˽˽(jng)I(dng)(Qian ,2000) еĂ(g)w̘I(y)c˽II(y)Ҳ20 o(j)80 ׃÷dzS( Gold ,1991) ˽вTdoڄ(dng)ЈеęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)˛QԵӰ,(do)ٷƶȲرg

˽вTijF(xin)Ͱl(f)չӰ푸ĸе(hu)֌P(gun)IԵáڵһ(xing)о,(hu)x(post-socialist) D(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)вӄ벻ƽȵһ(g)ҪԴ˽Թͻ(dng)(World Bank ,2000 :152 - 154) (hu)xr(sh)Թͻ(dng)оҪڃɂ(g):һM(jn)Թͻ(dng)ģʽ,l(hu)ɞԹ͘I(y);ǏԹͻ(dng)ĺ,Թ͘I(y)cȺw(hu)֌ӵĽY(ji)() (hu)? ں^ӴεƶD(zhun)c(g)֮gƽģʽ׃֮g(@о(hu)xı^(hu)W(xu)ҽdȤ}Ŀ) ,ڄ(dng)ЈTD(zhun)^һ(g)ҪBӘ

M܌|WҺǰK“(lin)Թͻ(dng)оP(gun)ЈD(zhun)͵īI(xin)ռஔ(dng)ƪ(Gerber ,2002 ; Hanley ,2000 ; Szelnyi ,1988 ; Rna-Tas ,1994) ,P(gun)Ї@rоtஔ(dng)󲿷ֵоڲͬȺw֮g׃(dng)(Bian & Logan ,1996 ; Nee ,1996 ; Xie & Hannum ,1996 ; Zhou ,2000) ֵע,P(gun)ڄڄ(dng)ЈD(zhun)c벻ƽȵ“(lin)ϵķ,rP(gun)עȻ,@һ}оЇ׃(dng)ֵ؄eP(gun)ע,?yn)ЇɹwD(zhun)͵·˽вTĝuM(jn)m(x)ĔU(ku)չ

ڱ,һ(g)C(j)(hu)(dng)ՓҕǁUͬ(hu)Є(dng)Α(yng)SЈTĔU(ku)ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃,ԼЈT˵ĽM׃Ӱ푺(hu)xķ֌ͨ^1996 ꡰ(dng)Їʷ(hu)׃w{(dio)锵(sh)(j)(Treiman &Walder ,1996) ,șz(yn)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽЇкЇr(nng)ıӵIJͬ,Ȼͨ^ʾ@ЩM(jn)ģʽϵIJ҂Ї(hu)xr(sh)벻ƽģʽ

һD(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)еĄڄ(dng)Јc(hu)֌

fġԹͻ(dng)( self-employment) һ(g)xĸ,,cùYܹ,ڷr(nng)a(chn)I(y)TԼй˹̹ƝR(Steinmetz &Wright ,1989 : 979) f,Թ͘I(y)ָЩͨ^ԼĄڄ(dng)@ȡֻȫ,dzuԼĄڄ(dng)oԫ@ȡYˡĸv, Թ͘I(y)ߡͬڡ˽II(y),һ(g)ױR(hu)Ⱥw,?yn)څ˽II(y)ڽ(jng)II(y)(dng)wF(xin)I(y)Ҿ(Aldrich &Waldinger ,1990 ; Gerber ,2001) һ(g)Թ߼ȿԹ͂,ҲԲЇ,Թ͘I(y)ͨ(g)w͡˽II(y)

ǰ(hu)x˽вTԹ͘I(y)İl(f)չ˃ɂ(g)Ե׃,YԴC(j)ϵ׃ڙC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)ϵ׃,ЈٷYԴõăɷNͬƶ߉݋,ٷ佛(jng)(j)ЈC(j)Ƹ׃˲ͬ(hu)λ֮gP(gun)ϵ,ֱa(chn)ڽ(jng)(j)(bo)ķ䷽ٷ߸ռ(yu)ݡ,ЈTİl(f)չa(chn)µęC(j)(hu),(jng)I˽II(y)ѽ(jng)ɞ顰(hu)x(hu)ŵȼl(f)չ֮һlɹxĵ·(Nee ,1989a :667)

@ɂ(g)Ե׃ͨ^ɂ(g)ڸϲͬ^̌(hu)֌Ӱl(f)Ӱ푵һ(g)^ֱӵЧ(yng):ƶ׃wֱӌ(do)˸(g)(hu)λõõ؈(bo)Ҏ(gu)tl(f)׃ڶ(g)^̄twF(xin)µķ֌܁ԴڙC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃(hu)ɆTSͬ(hu)λõ(dng)ǰƶxҕP(gun)ЈD(zhun)͵о,ں̶ܴ϶ֻP(gun)עǰһ(g)^̡@һI(lng)о_ʼԽԽ(qing){(dio)һ(g)^̌(hu)xr(sh)ڲͬ֌ӽY(ji)

(һ) ƶxҕ:ЈD(zhun)ՓՓ˼ͳԽ

ЈD(zhun)īI(xin)һ(g)Ć}P(gun)ڹa(chn)hɲµ˽II(y)ڽ(jng)(j)(yu)ݷ׃(Szelnyi & Kostello ,1996 ;߅,2002) ٷC(j)ƺЈC(j)YԴƫõͬ(Szelnyi ,1978) ,һЩW(xu)A(y)y,ǰ(hu)xҏٷ佛(jng)(j)Ј(jng)(j)ƶD(zhun)^,a(chn)һ(g)ֱa(chn)/˽II(y)ٷߵę(qun)D(zhun)^(Nee ,1989a) һЩ(jng)(yn)C(j)֧@һ},(bo)fΙ(qun)Ļ؈(bo)½,Y˽II(y)(jng)I(dng)Ļ؈(bo)Ȼ,һЩW(xu)෴Ľ(jng)(yn)Y(ji)|(zh)@һ^c(din),һЩԵĽ,ԏ(qing){(dio)Ι(qun)ľSm(x)(power persistence) (Bian &Logan ,1996) Ι(qun)(jng)(j)(yu)ݵD(zhun)Q(power conversion) (Rona-Tas ,1994) ,ԼκЈͬݻՓ(co-evolution of politics and markets) (Zhou ,2000)

Mһ,Džc@ՓеČW(xu)߿,Ի^쵽IJͬ(hu)Ⱥw֮g벻ƽȁ팦(hu)֌ƶșC(j)Ƶ׃ֱӵՓ,ɲ/hTă(yu)ԚwY(ji)ٷC(j)Ƶ,Y˽II(y)(jng)I(dng)Ļ؈(bo)tԚwY(ji)ЈC(j)ƵĽY(ji)Ȼ,(j)^쵽IJƽȵģʽC(j)Փһ(g)߉݋ϵS,@هS^Ⱥκδ(jng)z(yn)ļO(sh),ȫ(hu)ɆTڲͬ(hu)Ⱥw֮g(dng)^,P(gun)ЈD(zhun)ͽY(ji)Փq]нY(ji)(Zhou ,2000)

ڴ,ڵоѽ(jng)_ʼԽЈD(zhun)͠ՓĿ,ԇDڸNwƶȱ°l(f)F(xin)IJͬ(jng)(yn)Y(ji)Ι(qun)YĻ؈(bo)׃ܱһϵg׃,繤λ(Wu ,2002 ; Zhou ,2000) (dng)?sh)ЈP(gun)ϵ(Parish &Michelson ,1996) ԵԴ(Walder ,2002) ,?yn)Јƶȵă?ni), lAlݔ@(g)}һ(g)(f)sĆ},Ĵں̶ܴҪҕЈ͇֮gͬƶȰŶ

ڌƶȱw֮,ǰÁֲ֧ͬՓ}Ľ(jng)(yn)l(f)F(xin)Ͳ໥ìͿ˹̩_(Szelnyi & Kostello ,1996) (jng)ָ,ٔU(ku)չЈTa(chn)˺ܶµęC(j)(hu),܉@ЩµęC(j)(hu)ˌɞAҡ,܉@ЩC(j)(hu)ڲͬ龳Dzͬĸ,(dng)M(jn)ЈL(fng)U(xin)OߡֲҪܶ༼g(sh)r(sh),󲿷ֵԹ͘I(y)߁Դ(hu)ĵ׌(dng)˽I(jng)(j)׃øߺϷ,ͬr(sh)Јڽ(jng)(j)l(f)չеԽԽr(sh),ЩYY_ʼ뵽Ј(dng)ȥһЩɲ@һAγɹ،ؙ(qun)D(zhun)QµĽ(jng)(j)(yu)ݵһ,κ(Walder ,2003) J(rn)ǘ,ЈĸﲻH˽вTЮa(chn)˽(jng)(j)C(j)(hu),Ҳ鹫ؔ(ci)a(chn)עµăr(ji)ֵ,ĶoЩڹTĸɲӢ˙C(j)(hu)^,ںηN̶@ЩɲӢռؔ(ci)a(chn),Ҫҕƶ׃wͷɱϵij̶ȶ;@ڲͬćͬĸĸAζ(hu)кܴIJͬ

о,ٷ䵽Ј@һ^ƶ׃w(hu)xr(sh)ɲ(yu)ݵ׃]ֱӵ෴,@Щں̶ܴҪهһЩg^@Щ^,C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃_ʼܵԽԽVעf,׃˵ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)^ƶ׃w͂(g)g֌ӽY(ji)IJ“(lin)

() C(j)(hu)(dng)ҕ

mȻW(xu)߂P(gun)(hu)x֌ӵоѽ(jng)R˙C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃Ӱ,ǙC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)^ȥоȻֻһ(g)ܺĸ,c(hu)(dng)֮gP(gun)ϵȻҪо־(Nee ,1989a) _ָ,Ј(jng)(j)ijF(xin)׃C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu),ʹý(jng)I˽II(y)ɞһl() (hu)(dng)ĵ·Ȼ,Їr(nng)@õĽ(jng)(yn)HHáıӵĴfк͵ЈĿgxyЈC(j)(hu),]ֱӱ^ٷЈɷNƶ֮gęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)

־ָǷNԪC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu), ˂ŵȼ,ҲԇLԇͨ^Ј(Szelnyi ,1988 :65) },Щ˹ŵȼ֮,ЩD(zhun)ЈT? @һ}(hu)x(hu)֌׃wOҪڵоl(f)F(xin),Їr(nng),cԹͻ(dng)еҪȺw(hu)ȼеĵ׌(Nee ,1989a ;Szelnyi ,1988) ,ЈЫ@õ挢a(chn)hɲ(yu)(Cao &Nee ,2000 ;Nee ,1989a1996) ,ɲͣwƃ(ni)Ĺŵȼ֮ڹa(chn)xwƽw֮,ĸɲӢͨڄ(dng)߸܌ԼD(zhun)鹫˾I(y),SĽ(jng)(j)(yu)(Rona2Tas ,1994) ںK“(lin)Ķ_˹,ǰa(chn)hT^m(x)냞(yu)ݡ@Щ(yu)ݺywY(ji)ѽ(jng)w˵(hu)xƶ(Gerber ,1999)

һЩо_،Y(ji)(gu)׃wM(jn)ጿ,Է(hu)xеĸN֌ӽY(ji)Y(ji)(gu)׃w( structural change ,(hu)λڽMϵ׃) ڸϺ͡ƶ׃w(institutional change ,a(chn)(qun)׃) DzͬںK“(lin)Ķ_˹,겮(Gerber ,2002) ķ,ƶ׃wµĽY(ji)(gu)׃wֱӰ(hu)ɆTC(j)(hu),ɴˮa(chn)(hu)֌ӷĸNͬY(ji)Їr(nng), κ(Walder ,2002) z(yn)һNضĽY(ji)(gu)׃w(dng)?sh)ع͂ڄ?dng)ĔU(ku)չ벻ƽģʽӰ푡оl(f)F(xin),ٵĽ(jng)(j)L,r(nng)I(y)˽II(y),鹤нڄ(dng)Јİl(f)չ(chung)˙C(j)(hu);@,ɲ˽II(y)؈(bo)׃,هڹ͂ڄ(dng)˽II(y)ڮ(dng)?sh)ؽ?jng)(j)еҪԡ@һҪԲȻcƶD(zhun)P(gun)

@ЩY(ji)(gu)׃w,(c(din)̎xһ)

^߻؈(bo)(hu)λ(˽II(y)) ,˂x_ǰλ(dng)µλ,Ҳxx_Ҫⲻͬ(hu)Ⱥw֮gIJƽӮa(chn),҂ҪԔ(x)о˂ضλõ(dng)^̡ǕԄx(Wu& Xie ,2003 :429) tM(jn)һָ,ڄ(dng)DŽ(dng)B(ti)(hu)Є(dng),ǺεЈQ,ͨ^eO،ڄڄ(dng)ЈϵλÁؑ(yng)ЈӰ푡о(qing){(dio)˲ͬ(dng)^̌ģʽ׃Ӱ,|(zh)ǰSW(xu)ں(hu)x֌оõƶxȻ,ͬ(dng)ģʽǕԄxԽጵһ(g)ҪĻA(ch),]ķеõ(jng)(yn)ϵC

ڱ,_ذѡƶD(zhun)Ӱ(hu)֌ӽY(ji)@һ^̶x顰ƶD(zhun)Ӹ׃ڄ(dng)ЈϵęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu),Լ(g)ͨ^ڲͬ(hu)λ֮g(dng)푪(yng)׃˵ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)^̡@һǶȳl(f),Č̽ӑеһ(g)(dng)^,M(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)@H?yn)˽вTǰ(hu)x(hu)еijF(xin)Ј(jng)(j)ƶD(zhun)ֱɵ,߀?yn)cɲ˽II(y)P(gun)“(lin)냞(yu)ѽ(jng)ɞ(hu)x֌īI(xin)ߠhԵԒ}֮һ

Їl(xing)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ:O(sh)

˽вTİl(f)չЇѽ(jng)^˺L·A񹲺͇ǰ30 ,˽I(jng)(j)Dzڵ1978 ֮,(jng)(j)ĸʹԹ͘I(y)˽вT_ʼ(f)Kc1989 ֮Ė|WǰK“(lin)еļM(jn)˽лʩͬ,Їĸĸ߲ÝuM(jn)ķʽU(ku)չ˽вT,P(gun)]I(y)ߌI(y)M(jn)˽л(Qian ,2000) ˽I(jng)(j)İl(f)չ˸N20 o(j)80 ,ֻЂ(g)wǺϷҎ(gu),һ(g)(g)wֻܹ͂8 (g)ں̶ܴ˽II(y)ֱ80 ڲŵõJ(rn),ܶ඼ǏĂ(g)wl(f)չ˽I(jng)(j)1989 - 1991 g(jng)v˶̕Ĵ,1992 СƽѲ֮ŵõµİl(f)չ˽II(y)ȫϷ,ЇĽ(jng)(j)LҲԽԽ

1985 ,˽вTĹI(y)a(chn)ȫa(chn)2 %,1997 ,@һ(sh)34 %˽вTеĹ͂ڄ(dng)ҲõѸٰl(f)չ,1981 ֻռȫr(nng)ڄ(dng)(sh)2 %,1997 ij^18 %(Garnaut et al . ,2001 ;mʿ,2002 ;, 2002) Œ(sh)ر,ԽԽÔU(ku)չ˵ЈC(j)(hu)@(hu)(jng)(j)(dng)

M˽вTijF(xin)Ї˂_һ(g)µęC(j)(hu)֮,(hu)xоr(nng)Dzͬ1955 ԁ,Їȫ(sh)ˑڵӛƶ,ĶOӰ˳кr(nng)еęC(j)(hu)ֲĸ֮ǰ,r(nng)δõSrDz(dng)е,׺ò(hu)xxoоę(qun)(Wu & Treiman ,2004) ʹǴf(zhn)@һĸɲ,]гБ,Ҳ`ڇҵĹϵy(tng),Ҳ(hu)ͨйǘӓһЩؙ(qun)

ĸ_ʼ󲻾,r(nng)ƻϱU,dzеٷ䲿TȻ^m(x)Y(ji),r(nng)Թͻ(dng)Щ(hu)xw±Z(hu)(jng)(j)C(j)(hu)ṩһ(g)(dng)ҪٍXr(nng)ͥPr(nng)(ɲ) p(hu)(jng)(j)λΩһ;ڳ,ԪC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)ڄڄ(dng)Ј_ʼuF(xin)mȻ˂(hu)ΰl(f)չC(j)(hu)ȻҪڇвT,˽вTо(hu)(dng)ҲṩһlԽԽĵ·

@ӲͬęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu),кr(nng)еԹ͘I(y)ڂ(g)˱DzͬڵČ(sh){(dio)l(f)F(xin),r(nng)˽II(y)Ҫa(chn)(du)ɲr(nng)l(xing)֪܊@Щ˱ͨr(nng)иY() Y(Nee ,1989b) ڳ,󲿷ւ(g)w˽II(y)(hu)߅Ⱥw,r(nng)ʧI(y)ꡢ˺@Щ˶,]ʲôʧȥ,ͨ^c˽I(jng)(j)ȥ,Եõ(Gold ,1991 ; (qing),1993) 

J(rn),M(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)ģʽڳкr(nng)Dzͬġw,ڸɲɞԹ͘I(y)߷,¼O(sh):

O(sh)1 :ڳ,ɲȷǸɲܳɞԹ͘I(y),r(nng)岢

иɲڇвTęC(j)(hu),r(nng)ɲ1978 ֮t]@ӵęC(j)(hu)r(nng)彛(jng)(j)ں̶ܴǽ(hu)y(tng)ͼͥP(gun)ϵ֮ϵġ@Nr,mȻr(nng)ɲA(hu)YcԹͻ(dng)ȥ,ȻSr(nng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)TĽ,ЈϵĽ(jng)IC(j)(hu)]ȫŔ

C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)Hڳкr(nng)ͬ,߀Sr(sh)gƶ׃^ȥ20 ,Їl(f)չЈ(jng)(j)ڲ׃(dng)˽I(jng)(j)ƞٷ佛(jng)(j)a(b)䲿֕r(sh),cԹͻ(dng)ȥҪԴ(hu)ϵ߅Ⱥw,ڳЛ]ʲôʧȥ˂,SЈȡøĺϷ,ڽ(jng)(j)l(f)չԽԽr(sh),C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃wĽY(ji),ԽԽM(jn)Ј

Ї,(do)Ј(jng)(j)1992 ȡȫĺϷԺ,Թͻ(dng)˾ԽԽSɲŗڳٷ䲿TеšI(y)C(j)(hu),º(jng)(Wu & Xie ,2003) ]@Щ׃,Ҍr(sh)gS뵽M(jn)Թ͘I(y)^,z(yn)¼O(sh):

O(sh)2 :MܳиɲȷǸɲȻܳɞԹ͘I(y),SĸM(jn),ɞԹ͘I(y)ߵĿԕ(hu)ԽԽ

@ЩͬD(zhun)ģʽӽጺ(hu)xЇ? ǕԄx(Wu & Xie ,2003) о,ЈT^(Թ͘I(y)) HmһڸĸЩAM(jn)뵽Је@Щˮ(dng),ЩڇвTDžsԸطŗ̓(yu)ݶM(jn)뵽Ј,@øߵ(Xie &Wu ,2005) SĸIJM(jn),иɲɞԹ͘I(y)ԽԽҪIJ,Щr(sh)M(jn)ߵĸֻǷӳɸɲuһ׃˽II(y)(cadre-converted-entrepreneurs) ^߽(jng)(j),P(gun)ļO(sh):

O(sh)3 :ڸĸЩr(sh)ɞԹ͘I(y)ߵijиɲ,@ñȺwߵ롣

O(sh)2 ͼO(sh)3 ֻP(gun)עеD(zhun)̈́(dng)W(xu)ϵĽY(ji)ԭж:һ,ԪC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)ֻڳд,@һY(ji)(gu)K˄ڄ(dng)M(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)ڶ,кr(nng)ĸĸͬİl(f)չ;r(nng),wϵڸĸ_ʼ󲻾üȫU;ڳ,mȻٷ䲿Tusp,ֱȻ,ĸAΌ˂M(jn)Թ͘I(y),ڳҪr(nng)@SЈ(do)ĸĸﲻ,кr(nng)M(jn)Թ͂I(y)ģʽܕ(hu)څһ,ڙz(yn)@ɂ(g)O(sh),r(nng)ӱķ(hu)cИӱķM(jn)б^

(sh)(j)־w(ni)Ҋ

Y(ji)ӑՓ

20 ǰʡPꖿhСؚr(nng)]뵽,(dng)һĕϰָӡ,ðΣU(xin)Qa(chn)֮r(sh), Ӣe(dng)ȻЇvʷһ׃ĵһƪ¡r(nng)ĸ“(lin)a(chn)а؟(z)ƵČ(sh)ʩоƶD(zhun)͌(g)C(j)(hu)Ӱ,҂(yng)(dng)(interest) cЄ(dng)(agency) @һ^̵ĺλ,?yn)?Ϭ(DiMaggio ,1988) ָ:]ȺwĽ,ƶh(yun)ܰl(f)չ\(yn),ƶȵľSm(x)׃wȡQЩЄ(dng)(act)ͲЄ(dng)(not act) ˸ĽY(ji)

(hu)W(xu)Ҍƶx/Y(ji)(gu)xһuͬmP(gun)(hu)xЈD(zhun)͵о,т(g)Є(dng)(human agency) ȫ(dng)ƶȺͽY(ji)(gu)ӰcƼs,ҕƶ/Y(ji)(gu)ĺζĆ}粼(Blau ,1977 :5) f:(hu)(dng)^Ǵ󲿷ֲͬʽĽY(ji)(gu)׃wı|(zh)Ҫڴ,һ(g)C(j)(hu)(dng)ķ,˄ڄ(dng)Їкr(nng)ԼڲͬĸĸAM(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ,@ЩģʽcЇģʽ׃“(lin)ϵ؄eP(gun)עɲD(zhun)^е,(g)оO(sh),ͨ^(sh)(j)֧@(g)O(sh)ĵķY(ji),M(jn)Թ͂I(y)ģʽڳкr(nng)׺ȫͬ:ڳK˄ڄ(dng)M(jn)Թ͂I(y),r(nng)tM(jn)@һ^;hT͸ɲڳж@؜p˄ڄ(dng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)Ŀ,r(nng)嶼ڄ(dng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)]@Ӱ(O(sh)1)

@,ЇD(zhun)܉EеĸɲṩԽԽijɞԹߵęC(j)(hu)ڳ,ɲMȻȷǸɲM(jn)Թ͘I(y),Sr(sh)g,ԽԽ@ô(O(sh)2) r(nng),ɲץסI(y)(jng)IC(j)(hu)Ⱥw֮һ֮,]˃(yu)

@ЩЇͬM(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽIJ,ܺõرЈD(zhun)͵(hu)Y(ji)(hu)^Ƕô(f)sŒ(sh),ЈD(zhun)͠Փĸ܏ď(f)sĈDҵһЩC(j)֧Ե^c(din),r(nng)؅^(q)D(zhun)ͮcЈD(zhun)Փһ:Y()˂M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ęC(j)(hu),t@ЈC(j)(hu)]@(Nee ,1989a) Ȼ,(dng)҂r(nng)@һ,sl(f)F(xin)ڳв@MܳиɲȻȷǸɲܳɞԹ͘I(y),ڸĸЩAԽԽ@@c_{˹(Rna-Tas ,1994) l(f)F(xin)M(jn)еġ(qun)D(zhun)͡^һ

ҿ,@ЩhǁڏIJͬ;õĽ(jng)(yn)Y(ji),ǁڌW(xu)߂?yu)@Щ(jng)(yn)Y(ji)õՓЇr(nng)õP(gun)ڡɲcȺڳɞ˽II(y)ҷ]@e(Nee ,1989a) ĽY(ji)ӳЈ,ôڳСɲȺܳɞ˽II(y)ҡ@һl(f)F(xin),͕(hu)ͬһ(g)ጿ³ɞ醖},?yn)ٷ?qun)푪(yng)ڳиʢһ,҂^쵽ĸɲI(y)ҵ냞(yu)ݿܲһ^ȥеę(qun),ֻǷӳx(self-selection) (Gerber ,1999 ; Xie & Wu ,2005) 

,ҏ(qing){(dio)C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃w͂(g)˵x(dng),Ǻ^ƶD(zhun)ͺ(hu)֌ӽY(ji)׃֮gһ(g)g^,ǺεؼO(sh)f,ƶȱ팦֌ӽY(ji)Ѓ(ni)ڵЈD(zhun)͵ĽY(ji)هڔU(ku)˵ЈTӸ׃ͬ(hu)Є(dng)挦ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu),Լ(hu)Є(dng)λؑ(yng)ڄ(dng)Јϵ׃ĵķ,Щ܉׃˵ĽY(ji)(gu)Լöλˌٳ´_Լă(yu),½(gu)µ(hu)

Ҫָ:һ,Թ͘I(y)ڱбxú܌,؄eڳкr(nng)ı,ܰdzЮ|(zh)ԵĻ(dng),M(jn)һķҪи鼚(x)µķ,ӑՓԹ͘I(y)(dng)(hu)(jng)(j)x(ҊWu , 2006) ڶ,ڔ(sh)(j)P(gun)ϵ,Ї20 o(j)90 ԁڽ(jng)(j)D(zhun)ͷһЩش׃]ڱĵķзӳ,r(nng)弯wTĸɲ/߬F(xin)ڿԺϷ،ԼD(zhun)Q˽II(y)(Li & Rozelle ,2003) ,еĸɲF(xin)ҲԷǷֶ̇ؔ(ci)a(chn)ԼI(y)(Walder ,2003) ,I(y)M(jn)һĸҲ(do)˴˺ʧI(y)ʵ,ĶʹһЩˏСҎ(gu)ģԹͻ(dng)\Ӌ(j)Щr,Թ͘I(y)ֻǡһ(g)F˵ıy, ǡһlͨؔ(ci)ĵ·(Hanley ,2000) ;C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)(dng)C(j)Ҳܕ(hu)(yng)ذl(f)׃,ԺоҪ׃ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)һЩw׃“(lin)ϵ,M(jn)һz(yn)ġC(j)(hu)(dng)}

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