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P(gun)ڸĽ(jng)W(xu)

l(f)rg:2020-06-07 Դ: c

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P(gun)ڡĽ(jng)W(xu)@c֮һ(jng)W(xu)еķǘӿԌCضͽy(tng)ӋŒCоC(gu)硰͸HTransparency InternationalòáУperceived corruption index@ָ(bio)M˵ČCоՓ[ε߀ǹ_ģ˂ЌܣԼν(jng)wgȻܹP(gun)עƌW(xu)о}Ŀ֮һоīIҪֲW(xu)ΌW(xu)ͽ(jng)W(xu)I(lng)(ni)1990ԁѸٷeѽ(jng)HС矟֮

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ؐˠBekcer1968P(gun)ڷc(yu)O(jin)Փѽ(jng)ɞоĽ(jng)īI֮һƪؐˠoОģʽĽ(jng)W(xu)ጣڷӵxОهڣ1ıO(jin)ɱ2܉@õij~3A(y)ڵıץ@L(fng)UA(y)ڕܵđPď@Щsl£ڌԡ(yu)ġP

ؐˠ֮(jng)W(xu)ṩĵһƪP(gun)ڸĽ(jng)īIǰKrueger1974Փƪ˙(qun)I(lng)ġ(jng)⡱P(gun)ԼI(y)I(lng)ČО@ƪ°ѡ{ˮ(dng)rdġν(jng)W(xu)о

͸ߵ٣Bhagwati1982P(gun)ڷa(chn)Ԍ⣨^DUPDirect Unproductive Profit-seeking activitiesՓǽ(jng)W(xu)P(gun)ڸоһƪ(jng)īIߌN(qun)ӼԷeˌҪʽ¡Ժӡԫ@ã1o2Ј~иߣ3н(jng)I(qun)͵ĉŔֶ߽綨˙(qun)D(zhun)ƵYԴޡIę(qun)Iߎ~Ķһ̶ŤYԴãஔ(dng)a(chn)YԴD(zhun)Ƶa(chn)I(lng)ݳMЧʌٛM 1990Ժ󣬲ǰxM롰D(zhun)ͽ(jng)˽лcIJLځ޽ΣC¶ĸڄ߳ 1980(w)ΣC޽(jng)Yx(jng)wϵr¶ĸF(xin)֮ڷNNԭP(gun)ڡоuɡ@W(xu)@һrڵīI˴޸|ρЇޡ͚Wޱ؅^(q)İоԼyH؛ŻMW͸Hҽ(jng)оֵșC(gu)оP(gun)@ЩīIѽ(jng)l(f)ƪCκP(gun)ע}x߶njFīILambsdorff1999

Bardhan1997
Ades and Di Tella1996
Rose-Ackerman1996
Khan1996
Andvig1991
ԼTansparency International Source book2000

Ades and Di Tella1997µĽ(jng)о֧˿Ͱ͸ߵP(gun)A(y)c֮g“(lin)ϵՓC
һcΌW(xu)W(xu)һֽ(jng)W(xu)ҏġD(zhun)ڽ(jng)˽л^̡Ľ(jng)ˡЧՓ^a(chn)Ԍ⡱Փ@һǶȿ_ʼ@һĺنTȡVTͬrṩ˹(w)ҊTullock1996
^һӡԡҊJohnsonKaufmannand Schleifer1997@׌뵽ɽ(jng)W(xu)Posner1975Ŀһ̶ϳɞĝԽ(jng)W(xu)(ni)Č@һuMurphySchleiferand Vishny1993
Kurer1993
Kaufmann1997
Mauro19951997峣1996oһNһ⡰ҕµĸĽY(ji)ՓǣڸI(lng)븂CƣՓǽ(jng)I(lng)߀I(lng)nj̎Braguinsky1996P(gun)ڸԭh(hun)º͉Ŕh(hun)µĽ(jng)Lc֮gP(gun)ϵoƵՓC

(jng)W(xu)ṩһF(xin)ķԲՓCadot1987
Tirole1996@һ˼·ؔa(chn)(qun)ĺ綨ɞƸҪh(hun)(ji)Przeworskiand Limongi1993

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O(sh)О錦(yng)ڈDһġP(gun)ϵ߅硱L㣷ǸNa(chn)Ԍ⡱M̎ģͷ@fġԓpr\˽

ҪӑՓǮ(dng)ί˰ѹίеę(qun)˽ĿĕrЩ؛Q˹c˽֮g߅HD(zhun)Q@һa(chn)ՓоǡMRTS Marginal Rate of Technological Substitution(yng)ScitovskyDеD(zhun)Q߅ڸcбʡŒ@Щбʵκһ(yng)ڼO(sh)ڵġ(qun)Ј ϵһrҲfQD(zhun)QʵĹڴ˵(qun)ж{ˌ˶ԵġslQ@һD(zhun)QʵĽ(jng)W(xu)xҪӑՓ(qun)(w)o

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5O(sh)еġ(qun)ЈֱMô(jng)W(xu)oДcίǷõһܿܵģģY(ji)p涼ܵp@һc֧˲ϣԼ峣I(lng)븂CƿԾⸯĿ

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gM͌W(xu)ߌ˺矟t(y)θ£Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center2000ȑ(yng)(dng)һĸcձϵy(tng)ĸ^(q)_ǰһСMoġ(qun)Y֮һ߄tx飺ֻп˸ſṩ(w)ϵy(tng)ę(qun)О顱@ƪP(gun)ĵǡϵy(tng)Ը

Ľ(jng)о1ϵy(tng)ԵĸҪl(f)ڽ(jng)l(f)_؅^(q)
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Dˡ¸ijɱĶI(y)Ľ(jng)(chung)»(do)򸯔ͺڎͻӷ棨Cartier-Bresson2000

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Ҫ]ľwʩ1I(lng)(do)cP(gun)ڷġԒԱpͬ˷ļȵO(sh)õČ(zh)дʩK
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Ϲ(ji)ĺģ͵ķζ5O(sh)Ŀģ͂?q)I(y)˽{(dio)ˆTe󰸼Լķ؝ۙC(gu)ܵ`M{(dio)l(f)ЌT򹫱M¶ʹàrMչٝڙ(qun)C(gu)ĸNeּڷĻ“(lin)W(wng)ᾀԒȺ
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A Review of Empirical ContributionsIDS Bulletin
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1-5.

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Daniel Kaufmann1997Corruption
the FactsForeign Policy 107 (Summer)
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Paolo Mauro1995Corruption and GrowthThe Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 2 (August)
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The Institute for International Economics.

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1993Why is Rent-Seeking So Costly to GrowthThe American Economic Review 83 2 (May)
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Where does Corruption FlourishTI Source Book Where does Corruption Flourish.htm.

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