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ꐿε󣺏ăɂı_ʼĽx

l(f)rg:2020-05-24 Դ: c

[(ni)ժҪ]ҰA(ch)ϫ@õăɂıĂ(c)ʾl(xing)֮F(xin)ġΡƫx뻯xı\СW(xu)Ƶķl(f)F(xin)ҪԭڴһN߷Q顰Uጡ^̣@ͬrl(xing)ط֪RM(jn)ͷ϶¹ݔ?sh)ĬF(xin)ʽ֪Ruɱ~ӵĻؑ(yng)ՓC@һNҪrgЇʽ^Ķϣ܉ṩһNµҕ

[P(gun)I~]l(xing)/U/ط֪R/M(jn)ͷ/ؑ(yng)

ஔ(dng)LһΕrgW(xu)ƺŷһδ(jng)CǰA(y)O(sh)l(xing)MТͨZSF(xin)M(jn)̵ļӿڅʽ΢Ȼ@NļO(sh)ўW(xu)Cо|(zh)㑵оɹl(f)F(xin)҇F(xin)r(nng)ĹI(y)l(f)չܿgĻڽy(tng)MȵȲ]ʧDzF(xin)޴[]@W(xu)оеһ˼ͬrҲ鷨W(xu)ǷW(xu)ՓоRϵ|(j)҂еՓF(xin)M(jn)ͬrҲǷλM(jn)[]@^ijNxϱJ(rn)xl(xing)Ŭ@ҕһNM(jn)ȻҵY(ji)l(f)F(xin)l(xing)M(jn)п^(q)gĻͬ҂M(jn)еl(xing)巨νO(sh)Г]֮ȥٹڸΡԭx

ڱҌҰҕXM(jn)·ԷW(xu)W(xu)ԼP(gun)W(xu)ƵķɂδM(jn)˾I(lng)ıڴ˻A(ch)ό(do)ɆҌP(gun)ڷε֪RԇDՓϵķ˼oՓ˷NLԇǷɹҶԸԽՓߵ۹ȥM(jn)ıĿc˼ҿκһN˼J(rn)ͬһNؓ(f)؟(z)B(ti)ȵıF(xin)ˡ

һ

ıҰҕXM(jn)·

M(jn)ı֮ǰбҪһP(gun)@õıijЩXZ(zhn)̎㽭ʡοhɽ^(q)xЅ^(q)59ԓ(zhn)Ҏ(gu)ģСஔ(dng)MТͨQ[](dng)?sh)رMO(sh)ͥ(zhn)ɳșC(j)P(gun)йˆT^١ڵ̎ɽ^(q)Ⱥˮƽ]_(d)ԓh|ϵ؅^(q)Ѕ^(q)ˮƽŒஔ(dng)ؚ˿С[]ԓ(zhn)ݠĸ塢Ȼ^(sh)ǾһеĴ󲿷˓һͬ˴gNӵP(gun)ϵ[]@ҫ@ƒɂҵdȤı

ıһ20018סԓ(zhn)r(nng)܇\ݔwijڻؼҵ{;·(jng)MZrԓA B C ˲еr(nng)܇дй·ijڼx܇Rˎ׾Y(ji)A  ˰l(f)ڽɶ¼(jng)(zhn)l(wi)Ժ\ijƤ߀p΢IѪ(j)˽ijA ºijסԺg˹|еt(y)ˎM@Εrg(ni)ijcA ˵ļ˾ˎMr}M(jn)нA ڴĴLҲf(xi){(dio)pδ_(d)˽˅f(xi)hij˱ʾڲоʹ˾(zhn)ՈһλڿhC(j)P(gun)šˎæijҲܓ(dn)ģ(j)fA һλh(yun)HڿhһҪC(j)P(gun)šָA _Ӳ˾ҲһAA 

ı䌍Ӌ(zhn)MˌTСMrl(xing)̎l(xing)񣬲(j)(dng)?sh)һЩ?gu)̎(yng)Pڴgijr(nng)񽻲؟(z){PTСMtԓr(nng)񎧻(zhn)P(gun)Ѻһֱԓr(nng)H뷽O(sh)걻PĿ헺Ōጷšһl(xing)x(dng)?sh)סԴˁӱP(gun)ˆTTP丸ĸͺпŮ@NŵõƲٳF(xin)

H^ɵ\О顱òR˵һ˾I(lng)ɂıҲSo̫ķxδKM(jn)˾ҕҰ˾^еһҎ(gu)tcƺc֮oκP(gun)“(lin)҂?ni)ԸW(xu)ıŒă(ni)cm(dng)U(ku)ڬF(xin)еP(gun)ڡ^(qun)x[]҂_ʼ挍|l(xing)е˂ķ֪Rͷ˼[]Լɴ҂^ġΡl(xing)вDڵһıҌڽij֮ԓ(dn)ĵĺԣڴ˻A(ch)ԇDl(xing)gmQһ׵ط֪RڵڶıУҵĿĄtں@c҂ġΡ܉Lڌʩ

܌W(xu)ҷQڵıǺġ@ܷhԌ҂sĴ_J(rn)RՓϵĆl(f)xڵһıעڷW(xu)̿ƕ˂ҲSJ(rn)ij˵ē(dn)nˑn죬ҵĿsl(f)F(xin)ij˵ē(dn)nĴ_ھw龳ȫϺ[].ՄԒ^У˽⵽ǰî(dng)?sh)ذl(f)һr˾(j)f浽hijЩҙC(j)P(gun)ˆTY(ji)l(xing)Ԓfǡ_ӲһALj˾(j)(dng)?sh)fܶ˾˽QġƜyijǸ(j)ճеĽ(jng)򞣨ҲSHԽ(jng)vÁҲS fܣȻDZܣđn][]

l(xing)g҂@һNNP(gun)ϵ@һǏռL(fng)ȡÄ˾L(fng)@N˾L(fng)ֲl(xing)ķR֮ЏĶҕȻڣɴ˫@ôںҿ@ǡ(qun)O(sh)еҪƶϙC(j)(gu)ӷͥM(jn)l(xing)ճl(xing)ĵط֪Ry(tng)ĽY(ji)
ƶȵ밲ڴ˲òl(xing)(x)ϵ֪Ry(tng)ׅf(xi)[]W(xu)^c@NF(xin)Ԍy(tng)֪Rļwӛ֮VϵW(xu)ķߣt׷ݵy(tng)Ї˾L(fng)

ʷоY(ji)y(tng)Ї˾Єexϵ˾^̵ĽY(ji)a(chn)ȡQTأɃHHһ֣ĸr[11]SǽڵġՓ҂չʾһ͵龳[12]ȺVfT֮ӵؠȡmͥQVAă(j)VԵA(y)y͌VAɱĹțQǷ׌{(dio)ͳVA
HA¶Ӿo
Bʽcʽƶȵl(xing)ͨ_(d)g{(dio)С[13]֮ύٔļm˽Y(ji)ʽǡͨ^ʽ˾ƶcʽ˾ƶȵĻӡ[14]˷NՓչʾ@һNF(xin)l(xing)Ѽmύٔ󣬲o˾Y(ji)Įa(chn)DZMܵءӵ{(dio)յһЃ(yu)YԴӰY(ji)ЛQ{(dio)Y(ji)Įa(chn)(dng)Ȼ@ųһЩl(xing)]пɹ{(dio)ӵă(yu)YԴrζ/o£/Ҳܼķ(ni)Լ΢YԴ[15]еă(yu)YԴ(qun)@؄eͻ[16]໥вӏˌ˾^̵Ӱ@һNط֪Rl(xing)бKγӛw

ςo(j)ԁ1949Ժy(tng)xϵķy(tng)˞ýKY(ji)xϵķȫ(ni)uȻ҂KoȫPۇƺtµķƽO(sh)Hδ܏صה[Ó(x)[17]@Nrxϵķƶl(xing)^۶Kyⱻl(xing)(x)ϵ֪Ry(tng)½xUጣڱxUጣ^вòȥؑ(yng)߶ʹ䱾ul(xing)gӛͬ|(zh)Ұ@N^̷Q顰Uጡ҂ʹ@NΣUԣsoܽ^J(rn)@һN횸ĴrĽ(jng)V҂ĵۇr_ʼl(xing)Լ(x)ϵ֪Ry(tng)γFһK鷨κܵćҙ(qun)ڴ˟oB͸M(jn)ȥژO鱡[18]ʶF(xin)ć(qun)M(gu)ɲ֮һ˾ƶȼʹڇҏľʿԳF(xin)l(xing)gΛrҙ(qun)@ҡyM(jn)l(xing)صl(xing)g(ni)ĵط֪Rnuڅͬ|(zh)@һɇ϶¹ݔ?sh)ķ֪Rϵy(tng)l(xing)֪Rһ֡[19]

ڴ˷Nl(xing)񂃱ȻȻ؏е֪RǶȿ@һסķƶϵy(tng)@ױ҂Q֮顰ƫҊҪ٤_(d)Ĭ҂κ֪RһNƫҊ[20]Ŭʹl(xing)е֪Rϵy(tng)еõ[21](dng)HļmrƶȻ{(dio)m;߀ҪȱVVķʽt(x)׵ķʽ³F(xin)Ć}ָl(xing)񣩕(x)^еĻԭt뵽Hćҷɵ\С[22]ŒԭtHDZ댍Hćҷɵ\еһС߀С˾ǴP(gun)ϵ^@NUጵͬrҵķɱԭеl(xing)Ļ첢Ԯ(dng)?sh)Ӽ{ʽ\[23]@^̱ͬrٴΏl(xing)Ļ

@±Uጺ^҂펧ஔ(dng)?sh)ΣUʹҵķеijϵĹԵЧʴܓpҷɳɞ׃ӲеıgÁM(jn)н׵Ĺl(xing)ͬܵġ񂀻i׃׃?ni)[24]@ıij˓(dn)nԭԼǰἰ(dng)?sh)һ𰸼Čl(f)һpP(gun)ϵƴĵ[25]е@Щc҂W(xu)ՓQ˾C(j)P(gun)֮ɫoƫ̻ȣԼεijЩڙ(qun)ȣ@Ȼ˵Ĵ_l(xing)ձڵԪ£һsϷՓ

҂@Щ^Ҏ(gu)W(xu)˿ڶı䌍Ӌ߶P(gun)Ѻl(xing)@cF(xin)ε[26]ڮ(dng)?sh)؅sDZ(dng)˾ҊTā]|(zh)ϷҲā]˿ظַ(dng)(qun)ə(qun)ȣ^^@ðl(f)F(xin)ܶl(xing)J(rn)(zhn)ȡһNҪֶӌϣ@һNҲĴ_ЧãMijЩ񌦴˸еeŤȻͨ^ՄҰl(f)F(xin)Ҫԭs@NŒϱnjijЩl(xing)е^ķԴԙ(qun)Xڴˣ҂l(f)F(xin)(zhn)Оѱl(xing)ĬʾJ(rn)ͬĶȡá(dng)ԡ[27]@@ȻһNl(xing)ĵط֪RɫUጣ
t@NUጣҲSǟoRģ

ǧۇy(tng)εĻel(xing)l(xing)ļwӛ@һе֪RVl(xing)(yng)(dng)y(tng)µҵĹńt/ġĸ١[28]ʶ(yng)(dng) Ӌtĸ١ġҎ(gu)Ӗ(xn)cPЪµһl(xing)҂ҲSoҵڡҪòZԱ_(d)@sc֮ͬ|(zh)ļwW(xu)QġR[29]@һNR]µćƶȵĽrؔ࣬һΕr׃ԏ[30](sh)ʮҙ(qun)l(xing)g˺ܴĔU(ku)Rsδ[31]@ܲfһȱ@Ҳ҂l(xing)񡰙(qun)RǵҪԭ

^(q)ͬӴƵrڮ(dng)?sh)صl(xing)񿴁(zhn)Ȼǹ˵ęC(j)P(gun)һλ(yn)ĸHǘӹһˮ@Nͼͥиĸ̌(do)ŮһӵȻ콛(jng)xʶ(zhn)ԲȡκηʽֻҪ@Щʽͻl(xing)ĵط֪Rܸw߅M(jn)׃ò_(d)ijNĿ@кܶJ(rn)ǘӣL؟(z)RֽӖ(xn)Լ Ԓĺ(c̎xһ)

Lڵۇy(tng)(bio)߀ȶNз֮g(sh)͵ĝxڽȻl(xing)ÁU҂Q͵ڹеĵط֪Rϵy(tng)֮

һ(zhn)tˣҲSֻǟoRģl(xing)@NU[32]ռͥʽĸN_(d)ŒF(xin)ߵĿ(bio)ҏĽ(jng)򞿴@N_ȡ^ĶЧ(yng)[33]ڹĵط֪R]ЌW(xu)Q˙(qun)Ҳ]зW(xu)̲vһׇ(yn)ijƶO(sh)Ӌ䌍Ŀ(bio)y(tng)zеһ

@ͬ҂չʾһεՓՓϰլF(xin)ćΙ(qun)ϵy(tng)ڱl(xing)֮кЧ\هąsһl(xing)gе(sh)ǧһֱuĵط֪RһF(xin)ƶȽ(gu)Ҫһ֪R^sЧ΢

ʲô҂׷ķһNl(xing)ĿԷ

҂ע⵽Ї˿н80%r(nng)r(nng)eռЇ90%҂㲻òJ(rn)Ї}όһr(nng)}l(xing)Ȼ[34]҂M(jn)ķνO(sh)M(jn)vl(xing)gŒCBĵط֪RU@N֪R֧¡Ч\Ȼ(dng)҂oط˼֮sl(f)F(xin)F(xin)еġΡƫx҂ԭxġ뻯xF(xin)҂չʾIJֻСֻǿҪ롱龰߀ṩһ龰ʹ҂˼ԭƶO(sh)ӋP(gun)ĺԺ(dng)ȥ̽ӑF(xin)ǷN˷ǡķξǷЇ،ġF(xin)Ժü˹һ

W(xu)оɹʹһЩҙ(qun)yԵ_(d)l(xing)Ҳ]yľȻ[35]@NŒ֧ˡ]зɶȫʧ^c[36]Ҳһ(c)˷ɃHHƵһ[37]òR˵˼·һɵ^ٵ^(q)ֶεԌ^ࡪǰ@^(q)д[38]l(xing)oǷRQ^(q)@ɵxֶε΢͘(gu)^(q)Ҫǵ¡T(x)L(fng)l(xing)Ҏ(gu)sȹҮQġ(ni)Ҏ(gu)t[39]ʮǰMТͨҰYϺͽW(xu)оɹCՓ[40]ͬ^(q)ʾģl(xing)͘(gu)cSIJǃ(ni)ͬ|(zh)DzѣڵһıijQġڲСՈʽɵĽ[41]͘(gu)cSľwزLڵl(xing)goģT硰⽻桱ҫAZ֡MТͨZ͡еȲ҂ă(ni)ˣ@һl(xing)Խoy(tng)µĵطYԴ

ռƝUW(xu)^cl(xing)͘(gu);S^γɵČһNط֪R[42]@Nط֪Rwl(xing)С˹L˹l(xing)Їvʷl(f)չcIJڂy(tng)Їā]гF(xin)^xϵҲāδʿʽΡķx[43]Լɴl(f)֪RY(ji)(gu)cIJxġΡһ֪RoЇl(xing)FһKĵط֪Rǂy(tng)ģĴT@DZǃ׮|(zh)֪RwϵՈһnԽЇʽķκxcʿԁκxIJ

ςo(j)ʮԁǾʮԺ(qun)M(jn)ԇD{뷨ΈDʽ̶ʽģ֮l(xing)@NM(jn)ͷΡxϵ̡O(sh)Ҫcͨ^˾ƶȽO(sh)ͷTԼ\ʽĸշһ׬F(xin)sʽķ֪Rݔl(xing)@׷֪R鱻Q֮顰F(xin)ġҲSֻڕrgSˣJ(rn)M(jn)˱ҺÁ챻J(rn)l(xing)ɬF(xin)ҵĘ(gu)
ǡʽģʶM(jn)l(xing)r⵽(dng)?sh)ǷNĵط֪RųY(ji)DZUጺū@ijN(dng)ԡ@ı[صxҲ҂M(jn)ͷκyЧ΢ԭ

RžSՓνy(tng)һһ(x)TԼķ֮ɵćҕrṩNɹxķһNǏص״ݚ
ڶNH(zhn)ȥ
NuķSijԼķ֮ҪM(jn)ؕͬrһ܌Ĺġ^@NҪʹԓc̎[44]҂M(jn)ͷһNy(tng)^[45]ɰl(f)F(xin)RžSČһĆl(f)xȻʹM(jn)@Ć}Ҳh(yun)fô҂@ŒǸoݚһ׼ʹDZJ(rn)ĵط֪RP(gun)r(nng)ҏRsoͽ\һO˵Mܿc҂Ć}oP(gun)
l(xing)l(xing)ȻӣoסЩF(xin)ʽ֪Rdwķ˲[46]@Щ˲ijNxυsM(jn)ͷεČ`ʹЩl(xing)gKڷQ֮顰l(xing)ˡ˂[47]Ҳò挦@ôһNΣһ@Щl(xing)ˡćҙ(qun)̖܉cl(xing)̎Kl(xing)gM(jn)ľSһֲ׌l(xing)Ȼԭġ(ni)Ҏ(gu)tSϵ֮ԇDáF(xin)ԡ@NJ(rn)RҲSHһNJ(rn)Rϵ҃(yu)ԽУ֪Rƶһ׷֪RȥQl(xing)gă(ni)Ҏ(gu)Y(ji)һסF(xin)ԡ֪Ry⽛(jng)̎ݺšI(y)ϵP(gun)ϵl(xing)ķˌò@NڲՓϵͽF(xin)l(xing)gʹòl(xing)ط֪RȥUһסF(xin)ԡ֪RŒö֮Ҳ@NUጵ@dzɱСһNx@҂ЇӿԿŬQmǴ_J(rn)Ҏ(gu)tM䲻XطijЩҎ(gu)t[48]ıԭڣ˿@Dzģ

ҿ@sЇM(jn)ͷģl(xing)ؑ(yng)Ҳ҂@ȱ΂y(tng)ć׷F(xin)ͬrɱĺȻ@ČһNصЇ(jng)йȻUW(xu)ϵԭ򡪡w(x)Tؓ(f)dĵط֪R༴܌W(xu)UጌW(xu)QǰҊȥUһ֪RՈٴ˼ἰǂgЦԒҲSvʷl(f)չ·IJЇ׌ɵһN֪RȱF(xin)cͬĵۇy(tng)εF(xin)ΡЇxʹáһ֪RāǏ϶”U(ku)ɢֱl(xing)ijЩյ؎Ոһڂy(tng)ЇһֱֻǽzĹ߶Ǚ(qun)Ҫ(j)̡͡ĹJ(rn)R[49]ΛrW(xu)|u^бֲһF(xin)ʽķ֪R@һڇҡԪְl(f)չ԰l(f)M(jn)A(ch)¶Ϯa(chn)͏ɢ֪R[50]҂@ЩF(xin)ˌòl(xing)֪RȱŒM@NvʷzܕпF(xin)ΡһN򲻝MڬF(xin)l(f)ıf|롪ĬF(xin)Ї˸пrĺ

ȻԹwԹ҂˳Եɽ亣ζـ⣬ܽ^ʳԼσHеҰ[51]҂߀ҡҲ߀ôl(f)չ҂›QҪDΣǑжˡO(sh)x·ҡP(gun)l҂T硰cH܉ıa(chn)Ŀ̖һڬF(xin)Уl(xing)ṩġΡڱ˂UጣڱxΡԭx(qun)Ȼ˾Y(ji)Įa(chn)ǰıһʾģȻüLʽķһˮǰıʾģxȬF(xin)Ҫܺҕ[52]ԼƵġꖹµӰ[53]ṩo҂@һNs҂MķλֻZxW(xu)ϵĺxDʽZZҵġͷl(xing)\ʽĸNշl(xing)ݔ?sh)һ֪Rl(xing)gĵط֪RȻUY(ji)ǡy^ߡO߶Եĵط֪R֮(ni)l(xing)gķʽ\@gЕr[҂ܲԒȻ(dng)҂p۲ٱ(f)sĸNČW(xu)g(sh)ՓڱΕr҂òֱķıĴڣþSظ˹̹Ԓf@Щı(gu)ˡơ@SһP[҂ϵҰL(fng)orһЩУT˂_ʼɆЇɷνO(sh)Ƿ

oՓdzڸйϵĴ̼߀Ե˼ҿ@ɆijF(xin)һaζ˂˼ֻһcrgʲô҂׷ķΡ@}׷ʹ҂_ʼ_(d)··˼M(jn)c֮ͬ|(zh)֪ReۣHHcг䮔(dng)ӵw@Ҫ@N˼(gu)ɵȺwa(chn)ijЩ԰l(f)Ҏ(gu)tɞz϶µM(jn)ͷεąϵڹҮ˿O(sh)ӋҎ(gu)ƶȡஔ(dng)҂@M(jn)ͷΡ(yu)λ԰l(f)Ҏ(gu)t[54]rule of law ౻gҎ(gu)t֮Ρ@ҲS҂(zhn)_⡰Ρx҂(yng)ԓͻҕҰĪM⣺oՓǿO(sh)ӋҎ(gu)ƶ߀԰l(f)Ҏ(gu)t(yng)w롰Ҏ(gu)t֮ΡеġҎ(gu)tx֮(ni)ҲS錦Ҏ(gu)t©Ҏ(gu)tHHO(sh)ӋҎ(gu)ƶ҂ŕl(f)Σ༴Ҏ(gu)t֮Σl(xing)СĿȫǡĸпȻҿ@ĻƷЇl(xing)ĿȫǡľǡǡЇܳF(xin)εl(xing)ĵط֪Rҹݔ?sh)ķ֪RUጵ^һl(xing)ĵط֪RU(ku)䣨xϣc£|(zh)xϣ^һl(xing)ĵط֪Rؑ(yng)ҹݔ?sh)ķ֪RγµҎ(gu)t^@Nؑ(yng)KɾЇxķΣ҂f@NUጵ^Їxϵķ֮·ȻһжҪrg@rgSҲSǔ(sh)ʮϰ꣬еԒf@ǎ״˵ĹM܏Փv@NU͵Ļؑ(yng)п܌KŗM(jn)ģʽá҂ҕ֮ӵķθ߶ƵУεһ(ni)ݱ(qun)ؚwM(jn)ģʽρ[55]ڽ죬TƼsأҪǕrgϵľoȣQ҂òM(jn)ͷε·[56]M(jn)ͷеćҙ(qun)xϵă(yu)݌ʹط֪RUጵĻؑ(yng)ڽ(jng)vһrgSȺ@Nؑ(yng)uɱ~ԭȵĵط֪RUጇҹݔ?sh)ķ֪R@ÔU(ku)žcuͬ|(zh)µĵط֪RͬrPһЩcߵ|֪RĶ͘(gu)횵R֧Ρ@ǂo޽ӽ^һж_ʼ@xJ(rn)顰ͷl(xing)\ʽĸNշMܱϿЧȻs𵽡:(x)o•ʽDZزٵģǡM(jn)пl(xing)gܵul(xing)Ո˼ǾZȡϵúȡеú]Їҳm(x)l(xing)ݔϵy(tng)΢^ĬF(xin)֪R(c̎xһ)

l(xing)ĵط֪RҲSʧȥU@Щ҂Q֮F(xin)֪R֪Rϵy(tng)ęC(j)̈́ڸol(xing)g͘(gu)F(xin)εĈDʽһжu׃֮@ЇʽεĹеЇ(jng)ͷ^̣M܃HHֻ_ʼ

ͬЌW(xu)M(jn)ͷıײȱ־õƄпM(jn)εěQcp˶;زۣͬἰεһֱĿıЧƼsę(qun)[57]l(xing)ĵط֪Rпʧȥˇҳm(x)Եݔ(j)UጵزġF(xin)֪R̲һЩ҂cF(xin)Ҫ󲻺ϵҎ(gu)tmȻ@һֻǻڼO(sh)ē(dn)nŒ҂ćo(j)90ԁһֱ]зŗl(xing)֪Rݔ룩˷N(dn)nsǺo(j)ƽڲǶʮǰl(f)һƪоA(y)yڎ֮Їõď{(dio)ܕ˥[58]Їķƻ\Ӳ]вȡһNɹġ뷨ɵġ_ɹߡ·[59]

҂Ĵ_һЩ韩ΡcΡmpڟo֮пsСˡΡеărֵДຬxM(jn)ijN̶τӓuMMţ֮͘(gu)ɵsȻOġΡ^[60]ҿ@Ȼǂy(tng)ЇcεĠՓΑ֮^m(x)ĺ˂ڬF(xin)򾳲šwָ֪ܵl(f)XĽ]ȻʼЌQ֮[61]ҲS@ǬF(xin)ʽķ֪RЇһ^(q)̎ĵط֪RUĽY(ji)҂ľӢἰgЦԒλͻl(f)ˮ̎]Sζ

F(xin)ʹ҂ػ^׷ǂϤĆ}ʲô҂׷ķΣS@һx֮ϵġε

λؔ(jng)W(xu)W(xu)Ժ

[]㑣W(xu)cЇо“(lin)1997档

[]һF(xin)ĺxஔ(dng)ģһJ(rn)I(y)ǬF(xin)ĽMɲF(xin)h(yun)h(yun)ֻǹI(y)Ҋղķ˹W(ni)F(xin)ĸd[]E R˾ԥg^F(xin)Ϻgij1996棩߀λM(jn)Ї@ǵõRΑB(ti)ٝͬVܵ}

[]ڿаl(f)F(xin)ԓ(zhn)סrg^L׺Ϥȫ(zhn)еˣʹnjһЩ򹤵pҲӛ/L֪݅/ijijă/Ů(dng)ȻЕrҲҪһ@NrcMТͨƣÿӶ˼пLں܇ҲǏСͿTġҊMТͨl(xing)ƶȡW(xu)19989퓡

[]Mԓ(zhn)̎ҼL(fng)΅^(q)ϪڵλõӰl(f)չ@ϪЩѬF(xin)l(xing)(zhn)Ҋ־AzӰϪιŴ䡷“(lin)1999棩ڿ^У(dng)?sh)C(j)P(gun)һλˆTՄһH(jng)飺һԓ(zhn)Œٵijһλl(xing)һСr(zhn)k҂@λC(j)P(gun)ˆTͬoɉKXؼҵ·Ml(xing)ڵĴc(zhn)ڵ֮gк׹·gʹõĽͨһN(dng)?sh)˷Q顰݆΢؛܇ԓl(xing)ٰoK@ɉKXڱ_(d)м֮ͬrsʾʹ@ɉKX܇M顰ɉKXI״}а

[]@׌ҫAQġl(xing)塱J(rn)顰ӶAϡҊҫAxо“(lin)2000(do)Բ

[]ĿǰУʹõķ̿ƕڽo¶xr׺һɫհǰK“(lin)S˹W(xu)·һNдԵĶx飬һ|(zh)lQՇ(qun)Aͬ־wF(xin)ɇƶJ(rn)ɲɇҏCʩОҎ(gu)wϵ䌍ʩγɵķP(gun)ϵͷĿĿھSo(h)Ͱl(f)չڽy(tng)AP(gun)ϵҊRľW(xu)A(ch)ՓЇW(xu)199443

[]@ߘ(gu)˷RvһNJ(rn)R˼һNJ(rn)R֪Rtǽڃߵ^ɠB(ti)ҊꐽᓾW(xu)ĚvʷՓc\СϾW(xu)2001棬86

[]ՓvVAijɔHȡQŒcɣc?z)oP(gun)Ȼ@ֻһN͵˾ģʽŒҲЛQҲɱ،մȾ^ɫʡҊ˹{KgW(xu)}ЇW(xu)1994ڶ¡¼

[]ՈӛסMТͨıָl(xing)񣩂eĽ(jng)򞣬͵Ľ(jng)ҊMТͨl(xing)ƶȡW(xu)199821

[]S@ǡͷl(xing)һNr鲻ίȫԒҙ(qun)oM(jn)l(xing)׌KоJָЇҙ(qun)l(xing)ƫh(yun)l(xing)ஔ(dng)ġҊKʲôͷTdW(xu)о19982

[11]оɹܶRM(jn)rڵAcVAƶȡdRgrڵŒcgsɳ1998

[12]ՓMڌW(xu)粻uߣƽ|(zh)ɑB(ti)ȣҊƽ(x)TcҡЇW(xu)1996棩ɷJ(rn)SǵоʽǷdzІl(f)x

[13]D(zhun)ƽ(x)TcҡЇW(xu)199610-12ԔҊPhilip C .C.Huang.Between Informal Mediation and Formal AdjudicationThe Third of Qing Civil JusticedModern ChinaVol.19No.3July 1993251-298.

[14]ͬ

[15]l(xing)g^l(f)F(xin)ijЩAsoͨϧȥطͥVϣԴˁ𷨹ٺ񱊵ͬҿ@ҲͨՓеġȻ΢YԴ

[16]@cЇy(tng)ĹٱλĻ“(lin)ϵ

[17]һҪRa匏зʽһȱȫƏV҂@NR˹fQġ˹͡˾L(fng)O{һЩcF(xin)βһµ֪Rƫxεԭx

[18]Kоֱָ˷NF(xin)ԔҊKʲôͷl(xing)dKͷl(xing)Ї˾ƶоЇW(xu)2000Ոؑһµۇrڵ(qun)MY(ji)(gu)ҙ(qun)ϵy(tng)(jng)ĩҾֹֻڿhһhµl(xing)tһ֪Rϵy(tng)l(xing)Ҏ(gu)sSϵҊأ˾ƶоϽ1988
[Ӣ]S˹ֿˠؖ|gƌ(do)ՓW(xu)ǶȼԷЇW(xu)2000档

[19]Ҋƽl(xing)еķcd㑡˹l(xing)c(qun)ЇW(xu)1997

[20]Ҋ٤_(d)Ĭ鶦hgcϾڶϺgij1992

[21]J(rn)RՓĽǶȿ@һɱ^̡Ո˼һK^gЦԒһˮһȻʵʲô(dn)ˮĽY(ji)Փý(dn)Kx򡷣ɽ|1999233퓡

[22]w|cƬF(xin)һAļmQduՓ21݋ɳ1999136퓡

[23]ͬ138ҿl(xing)UጵĹ֪R鱳ĴԒZP(gun)ԒZՓԔҊǣɽеĴԒZcӢԒZdƽɽጆ}ɳ1998

[24]w|ǰע136

[25]@ʹ“(lin)뵽Ж|cWˮ֮gLj浽巶Ĺ˾ҊҫA“(lin)1989档

[26]F(xin)εһǡo_ڙ(qun)ֹȻڷˎǰġ㽭ʡӋl19891229㽭ʡߌ˴ί13Εhͨ^ҊзkҺ͜˾־塱շW(xu)(x)YϡҲ]аl(f)F(xin)һlҎ(gu)䌍Ӌ^пP(gun)Ѻ˵ėlҲS@(yng)ԓ֮

[27](dng)Ȼ@N(dng)Եȡc(zhn)ݡϵy(tng)Mɲ֡кܴP(gun)ϵʶҪǽڇҙ(qun)̖ă(yu)Խλl(xing)@N(dng)Ԍòܣ(j)Ľ(jng)l(xing)đɶʧȥ(qun)̎ڙ(qun)֮µl(xing)񮅾oc(qun)࿹⣩@l(xing)Й(qun)ĵ(x)TһNwF(xin)

[28]@һNȤķQ^R˹fָĹźxȤ䌍@ǂy(tng)Ї¡ĻһN¶

[29]P(gun)Їr(nng)еġRՓՈЇr(nng)RF(xin)̽ӑdՓ20005

[30]һNȫ(ni)еԒZҲSˡһKuҪ

[31]ҲS@҂ćұһЩW(xu)߷Q顰Ӗ(xn)ҵԭڡ

[32]䌍(zhn)õҪ߀һ֪Rھӵl(xing)ÿl(xing)(f)sġ֡P(gun)ϵHѵȵȣ/P(gun)ϵW(wng)j(lu)еһh(hun)һ|/ڵP(gun)ϵW(wng)j(lu)ͺ(yng)ڻ֏(f)ԭƽo@Ǟʲôl(xing)һ(zhn)P(gun)ѺHһ㶼뷽O(sh)M쌢/Hȥ

[33]ڿ^ һЩؓ(f)؟(z)Ӌ(zhn)ˆTԹǰǷNP(gun)Ѻ˵ȡ韩ЧҲ]ôo䌍Ӌߡ

[34]Ї(ni)XZ(zhn)^(q)Ӌ䔵(sh)ҿw|¡KҰ^(q)͵l(xing)Ҋw|cƬF(xin)
£@еYԴ@ȡc䡱
Kr(nng)ӷԺļmQcҎ(gu)t֮ΡduՓ21݋ɳ1999档

[35]Ҋƽl(xing)ķcd㑡˹l(xing)c(qun)ЇW(xu)1997
MТͨl(xing)ЇƶȡW(xu)1998棬48-53
ҫA“(lin)1989

[36]̎ġɡָLJƶڹҮеġҎ(gu)tһԪ^е֮O(sh)ӋΨһʽķP(gun)ҮˌҎ(gu)tһԪ^ҊcԪ^“(lin)2000

[37]ҊRԽKgɵ\О顷ЇW(xu)19947퓡

[38]ͬ

[39]ҮQġ(ni)Ҏ(gu)tָЩĿ^mڟo(sh)δƽm˵ձ(dng)ОҎ(gu)tՓһضѭһҎ(gu)t(do)µĺ
(j)J(rn)ҮQġ(ni)Ҏ(gu)tLڵĻM(jn)԰l(f)γɵҎ(gu)tD(zhun)Ҏ(gu)tԪ^Ү˷ՓоduՓ22݋ɳ2000棬419

[40]ҊMТͨl(xing)ƶȡ(c̎xһ)

W(xu)1998棻
㑣W(xu)cЇо“(lin)1997@͂y(tng)ЇY(ji)(gu)ΑB(ti)P(gun)˷DZĵķ

[41]P(gun)ՓɅҊol(xing)Ҏ(gu)swF(xin)ĴfΙ(qun)duՓ21݋ɳ1999

[42]P(gun)ڡط֪RՓҊƝgط֪R뾎g2000档fQġط֪RһNųmԵľw֪RϢϵy(tng)ĵP(gun)@xʹ

[43]Ҋ^cF(xin)Ƶij򡱣dW(xu)cČW(xu)֮gЇW(xu)2000
̫tՓЇεĻA(ch)(gu)dW(xu)о20014ڡ

[44][]RžS^I(y)gՓՈ200132

[45]rule of law ӢıҲSԭ@Nx

[46]ҊKl(xing)еķˡӷԺٵČI(y)Ć}dKͷl(xing)Ї˾ƶоЇW(xu)2000

[47]ͬϡ

[48]KmQcҎ(gu)t֮ΡdKͷl(xing)Ї˾ƶоЇW(xu)2000183wɅԓ

[49]Ҋƽ²˹ЇƳ2000124-125
RgrڵŒcgsɳ199816
ƽЇ^ȥF(xin)cδdľܾW(xu)ЇW(xu)1999

[50]ҊxcԡĬF(xin)Ԇ}xɳ2001468-472

[51]@ҲSǡ(dng)_fܶ}

[52]wҊꐿx`֮󡭡dՈ󡷣1999826

[53]Ը@NQڱNϷαՓĘ(bio)ĶȵM(jn)ЇW(xu)һLJ(yn)W(xu)g(sh)xϵġՓӝɡЇ҂Ƿ(yng)ԓŷνKF(xin)ڴ^У҂Ƿ(yng)ԓʼK^đB(ti)

[54]ҊҎ(gu)tԪ^ҮՓоduՓ22݋ɳ2000档

[55]ҊZ(ni)Ɲ־gD(zhun)׃еķc~ؑ(yng)ͷЇW(xu)1994

[56]ҊS֮ӢЇ֮·W(xu)2001

[57]ͬ

[58]ƣƻ\ӡdȫͬĻеķ湫˾1983ꡣD(zhun)쾰ģƽO(sh)Ҏ(gu)ͷҎ(gu)҇ưl(f)չ(zhn)Եһ}dW(xu)Փ1ɳ260

[59]ͬ

[60]Rl(wi)ؔ(jng)W(xu)һvἰijеķݲwϰl(f)F(xin)һlHζĘ(bio)Z²w

[61]Ҋ꣺֪кһķɣԡdⷨW(xu)20013

ͨŵַhؔ(jng)W(xu)xУ^(q)0306ꐿգ]430060

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