ξW(xu)|uǰ
l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-17 Դ: ӛȫ c(din)
ժҪ˞ȫ˼^о҇(gu)(hu)ĻϵµĵһƪՓЇ(gu)ĻRǧδ֮׃֡F(xin)W(xu)|u(du)҇(gu)(hu)شӰ1860(w)\(yn)(dng)SİվSĩθĸo(j)Ļ30ć(gu)(ni)ɵļ(zhng)Ļԡɴδ(zhn)еЇ(gu)ć(gu)HP(gun)ϵ͇(gu)֮ΈDʽĸ(ni)yֱĸ_ǰ120g4(g)Aε(hu)׃wvĒʽՓwu(png)r(ji)϶˴еǰ90Ļںˏ|(zh)ƶ^ĻҎ(gu)uM(jn)^̺҇(gu)ĻϵM(jn)(du)10(g)شĻvʷ¼ocµu(png)r(ji)ͬr(sh)(du)K(lin)ģʽoc˸ָC˷NAɲ(du)҇(gu)鵜L(zhng)Փ̗l(qun)(gu)γˬF(xin)IJвĻy(tng)ĸҪ(du)KAȫď(f)d
P(gun)I~е(w) ƶ W(xu) h K(lin)ģʽ lڱ
һ ĻR(sh)ǧδ֮׃
Ї(gu)ĻԴؕr(sh)T֪l(f)Փ(du)Y(ji)磬ؕI(xin)H϶ʥZ(y)yH׳ʐۣԴ˘(bio)־˫FҾeǕr(sh)FmȻcFѴͬ˵c(hu)ʼM(jn)_AĻ֮ȺЇ(gu)ĻһW(xu)ӹcͬr(sh)֮ϣD˵ϰρ^֮oځyߺѣʴįԴxͷꡣhڪ(d)δ֪˺֫HcYȼ(j)֮(jng)ֲK(qun)Ļă(ni)ٌW(xu)Ļ(gu)\ϒ˂ԴpL(zhng)裬QµЌƪ(d)֮˽ʥmOsԸ
h(hun)⣬ŕr(sh)Խ(jng);(qun)֮r(nng)m(yng)Ⱥӄ(dng)Ǐ(qing)ߞЏ(qing){SȺw̖(ho)һ·Դ˞(j)˂c(hu)r(nng)r(sh)(jng)^зeҊSM҇(gu)L(zhng)_(d)ǧx͵r(nng)ĻL(zhng)r(sh)gI(lng)f_(d)ȝhƺ匢ҌW(xu)fĞ(qun)Ļϵy(tng)Ҳ^(sh)׃a(chn)ĻĂ(g)˃r(ji)ֵAȻܪ(d)̎]h(hun)֮(gu)R(sh)؝hڱĻϵy(tng)Ȼm(x)(dng)o}
ƫƫr(sh)~̩(jng)ˇ(f)dڽ̸ˌ(du)WĻijԽߓP(yng)˱ɴ˂(g)˃r(ji)ֵƽȡۼ(l)17o(j)Ӣ(gu)γ½̵˼^߀c@(g)µ(hu)ƶa(chn)ѸߡH(sh)ǰ߀ëѪUĿٿˬF(xin)(hu)(chung)˸r(nng)I(y)ĹI(y)֮£Ar(nng)I(y)(du)İl(f)չ(gu)߀֪(ji)׃Qڼā́(yn)@Щˮć(gu)?yn)Q(mo)Ăy(tng)ȻҪԭcЈ(chng)ͬr(sh)?c)ڝM猤Ұl(f)չęC(j)͗lǴA]ʽĭh(hun)҇(gu)ă(ni)߅P(gun)ʹٰЇ(gu)ĹĻܵ_(zhn)R(sh)ǧδ֮׃֡1
r(nng)I(y)cI(y)ɷNĻgġǰߵӄ(sh)@Ҋ҇(gu)(hu)F(xin)@ӵBm(x)ӳ挦(du)(qing)--^--ʧʹ--뵽D(qing)--^쌦(du)֡Ј(jin)---?gu)L(zhng)---·(gu)---׃--- ̩֮^Ǹ---ҷ(chung)Ļ--׃Լаl(f)չ(ni)n---?fn)?--(ni)(zhn)(zhng)(qun)---K(lin)O---v30lڱ---ĸ_---ٴˌW(xu)ƼYg(sh)---(jng)(j)---(gu)H(hu)---\ͬl(f)չо·DУһ?q)W(xu)(x)r(sh)_ʼW(xu)|u ɷNĻڲƽؽгMۺͷ(f)P(gun)ϵɞ҇(gu)(hu)Ļl(f)չͣҪء
ĻƵ^ĝuײ
҇(gu)@150(ni)ЃɴC(j)M(jn)Ļ˼չ_Ļ@һϵy(tng)ǰʼĩֹĻ\(yn)(dng)һΰl(f)ܐڸĸ_֮Ʊr(sh)ֹ20ǰLj(chng)L(fng)߾Д(sh)ʮ(hu)׃yTصĕr(sh)ǰⵜԴڃ(ni)yΆʮ־oȵڴ֮
Ԫr(sh)Ї(gu)ʽ(qun)ĻߵM^ƪ(d)õĻ(yu)(sh)ѽ(jng)̫^(qing)ͳ죬]Ѓ(ni)ƻ(qun)ĚvʷTԽW(xu)ČW(xu)ĘOˌư҇(gu)ٌW(xu)Ļĩ·]P(gun)i(gu)֮ıخ ĻʹA(hu)c^Ļ՝u˥mȻڿҫǬʢֻf݅gͻԼij(g)о(du)oҕĴԼӛ֮W(xu)vʷCԪ҇(gu)(hu)ϻl(f)չO?x)r@¶Wڴ˕r(sh)ˇ(f)dڽ̸M(jn)˽Ŀ܇1689Ӣ(gu)ġsĴ_ʹһΡ(sh)ٝɵġͷƵ(hu)(bio)־M(jn)ˬF(xin)@NͬڴǰĻϵy(tng)ľֲl(f)չd(bio)־(hu)(g)ȼ(j)ׅf(xi)ڷ֮µƶr(nng)ǰδС@NF(xin)(hu)Ч(yng)Ӱ˴낀(g)S^ƶĻ(jng)^(sh)Č(sh)`z(yn)uɞһr(ji)ֵgeneral value,Еr(sh)gr(ji)ֵ
˼µa(chn)I(y)g(sh)Ǖr(sh)ѳԽɽl(f)չAĻԹԁиɽ|Rڵ(sh)]İȫh(hun)γɵĪ(d)ĝhĻwϵ_ʼܵ(zhn)挦(du)f(wn)δеĴ׃֣˲R(sh)oɺfԴ֪R(sh)ӢʿҲͬŮ֪ڼȳͥ(du)˥ڵxyo
Ї(gu)Ļ_ʼڟoc(du)Ԓ(hu)M(jn)W(xu)|uĚvɞ˺150Ļ
κԴ׳L(zhng)ʢ[2]һ鸻(gu)(qing)_k(w)ҕO(sh)C(j)_úVFV܊܊УƸ⼮k(x)ɆTW(xu)˵ƁδǞW(xu)|uһAfwƃ(ni)M(jn)еĸĸM(jn)ͷġ漼ɡl(f)ˣvr(sh)30(chung)҇(gu)̘I(y)ʹ҇(gu)M(jn)˟r(sh)Ҳʹ҇(gu)ĻcsС˲ࡣҹ厧˽ĻTa(chn)I(lng)_˽̵Ⱥ(du)İl(f)չɛ]
(yn)[3]ȵڶĻӢʼ֪̩ԏ(qing)(jin)ֻhԺ(gu)ߡƷ䱾4Ҫʹ҇(gu)(hu)ƕr(sh)˸^v(zhng)ɄtĚvʷy(tng)ЧӢ(gu)ձ(sh)ʵֻxϵć(gu)Ԫײڑ֮ȏUֹ˾(g)˼(qun)ܶŽ^JDλ ˽Ұļ҂(hu)(dng)y(gu)ҿ֮;(qun)ɢƽ½Mɵć(gu)(hu)ƶcҎ(gu)t(ni)w(w)ڑ֮¡Ļh, h(hu), xeP(gun)ƶĻ¸Դ˝u|A@Щ(bio)־҇(gu)ɹŴ(hu)~M(jn);M(jn)ƶĻQЇ(gu)ȡ˵ڶ(g)L(zhng)M(jn)܌(sh)F(xin)t҇(gu)c(sh)l(f)_(d)(gu)ͬr(sh)S(hu)к(gu)N͔(sh)ʮ¹ԭă(ni)(zhn)
ϧ@δ_Ĺϵć(gu)ֻϤ(x)TǰԱijQĂy(tng)(du)ĻоČ(sh)|(zh)ͱҪyܽ׃ĻӢ?c)D׃r(sh)ֲOو(chng)g(sh)ԶF(xin)T˞ʧ`ڹĄ(dng)׃r(sh)͢(qun)F(tun)֞hhųⱾɽY(ji)ͬ˵όӌ(sh)ʿ¡֮ì^ֱָ(jng)(w)Ҳ֧׃Sµ̫HìU(ku)(du)Լ{ֻǹwʵһҊ˂(g)45ƷAC(sh)ʮ׃t?zhn)DŽ(sh)
MTͬʿӢL(fng)SHһһF(xin)ʧC(j)Ї(gu)(hu)·Ϳyʹ_ʼ
ǰffߌ(du)ՓзԑĻW(xu)ĽǶ˼sՓC̫Ȍ(sh)ﮔ(dng)Ǹе䂀(g)ߵλܵ{DSʿһζ(du)ĚvʷӞ˸yͥδˏUH(sh)꿵͵õˌ(sh)ʩЩ^֮1902tȫ(gu)_k͌W(xu)У1905U˿e(gu)صĸrxTW(xu)(hu)(sh)Hѽ(jng)D(zhun)ʮľe@So(j)Ї(gu)ĵĻӢ͌W(xu)g(sh)I(lng)܊УY[5]Ī1908꡶JVƾ(qun)10l(qun)9(g)l
ͬr(sh)QA(y)Б
ʡh^Mɣ
Ї(gu)ĸĸھC(j)wƃ(ni)ߵͻfDZؽƶȵ߅@݅Ӣw(gu)r(sh)귽Ⱦ߂y(tng)ĻW(xu)L(zhng)W(xu)ЌеµĻԸĘ(gu)AĻԺdĻ\(yn)(dng)(sh)H𗉡ʧȥ(chung)W(xu)[6]׃(hu)Ļy(tng)(du)(hu)(bio)εġԽĻŬη֡[7]Ļ
W(xu)|uеĵtİ낀(g)o(j)Ļں^R(sh)wõʽyԼݡQ׃y(tng)Ļ^͵ƶ@(g)wČƵy(tng)ı(hu)Y̺L(fng)M(jn)Ļġȼ(j)^@һcW(xu)ġƽȡìܵĝhĻ(ni)ˡҵǧf(wn)exЇ(gu)Ո(qng)ِm֮XͬԒּڸ׃҇(gu)ĻdwʽķʽͨڽmеĻxW(xu)ĸN˼͌W(xu)ڴǰķgm(x)ݔ(hu)xĸڴgȽ(jng)ձĶ(gu)g^Ǖr(sh)ĻĴp(sh)˵ć(gu)W(xu)ˮƽڴW(xu)(du)ĻmW(xu)L(zhng)(du)(ni)֪֮δּy⎧мW(xu)õČ(sh)cӡһr(sh)goxа˼(hu)_(d)x(hu)˼H¶Ƴgʮҹh(du)g(hu)˼^Tо8һ100NƺȻƌW(xu)Ľ(jng)gģ9_Ї(gu)˵ҕҰĘ(gu)Ї(gu)ĻJ(rn)Ї(gu)Ľǽgķʽl(f)չ
gı|(zh)nj(du)ɷNZ(y)Եͱ_(d)ʽD(zhun)Q횜(zhn)_F(hu)D(zhun)Qʽ(w)N_(d)ǰˌ(du)cĸZ(y)ȫͬNϵĻǷ(du)ijЩȫµP(gun)I~Z(y)R(sh)аʇ(gu)ĻÓxԭĵZ(y)Z(y)_(d)e(cu)HһYP(gun)ּĽ(jng)еP(gun)I~Z(y)һNµĻ(do)҇(gu)(hu)Ŀ(bio)r(sh)e(cu)t֮壬ʧ֮ǧ
͵`gƽȡcƽȸ߀Сa(chn)hԡǾĿ̖(ho)Workers of all countries,unitede(cu)g(sh)ǚvʷz@(jng)gǼM(jn)ĸh(zh)(j)gƬΡĶgȫĵg顰ȫoa(chn)(lin)ڵĺӢıR̵ԭǡ(gu)Ąڄ(dng)(lin)g@Ȼڄ(dng)ߡ`ˡoa(chn)ߡ@N`gԴڌ(du)Ļ^ⲻZ(y)Ա@ڄ(dng)ߡcoa(chn)ߡă(ni)eˡĻ@ɂ(g)ͬڄ(dng)߷ָ{(ln)I(lng)ͰI(lng)Юa(chn)A(j)ͨoa(chn)A(j)proletaira_(gu)еQġoѝÝhһåoa(chn)ؤoهڝhж߅^(q)e@?yn)҇?gu)(hu)ֻؚɘOȱЮa(chn)A(j)(x)r(nng)I(y)(hu)߶ڄ(dng)ڄ(dng)߅s]҇(gu)y(tng)ĻеҶ]лĻġx(hu)]γɴR(sh);C(j)ơ෴(hu)潣ؚIؚ]סr(sh)לSؤ(c(din)̎xһ(y))
γ҇(gu)߅(hu)IˡؚλһwY(ji)췴Ī(d)ؚvʷ(hu)ƽƕr(sh)(do)mپӢısؚI@˾мȟoa(chn)Ҳڄ(dng)B(g)c(din)R˼fĄڄ(dng)ǰ݅g߂Һҕ@c(din)̖(ho)ge(cu)ʹ҇(gu)ʮ(hu)Ŀ(bio)l(f)ƫֱӌ(do)ĮҕҕЮa(chn)A(j)֪R(sh)@(hu)ɿ(wn)Ⱥ߀ɴˮa(chn)ˇ(gu)h˵IJg(sh)Եķ硣(gu)L(zhng)ڵĘO˼ߌ(do)ɴΰ(hu)(jng)(j)Ƶ˱߅(hu)ԵåR(sh)ҷeyʹĸ_Dy(hu)xνO(sh)P(gun)
Ƶ`g߀^(gu)˾еġ㌏F(tun)g(sh)Z(y)(gu)ֲֻܸcr(sh)M(jn)ӗlr(sh)횽(jng)(gu)(hu)ăɕ(hu)75%hT75%h(hu)ppͨ^һla(b)䰸(du)ӵėl(gu)˷Q֮顰a(b)AmendmentreviesedӢZ(y)a(b)Nķʽmendһ~ĸreviseg(gu)Ļge(cu)e(cu)gʹ(gu)`Ԟƶ˵һđ(gu)˶кβ҇(gu)lޑÿÿԭe҇(gu)ę(qun)߀Ӣ˾еjuryǬF(xin)gġ㌏F(tun)Ӻhͥ(du)永Пop̎PͷһһƱQ(qun)䌍(sh)ģЈF(tun)ԷQ֮顱㌏?ge(cu)Ї(gu)аÆһ˪(d)࣬뮔(dng)Ȼ˞Ҳֻr`g׃ӢͥԱQijwЛQČ(sh)|(zh)Ї(gu)پЪ(d)еɶЇ(gu)F(xin)˾(do);o˾ĸͽϵKP߈(zh)Pg30֪gd(gu)Ҳ`(gu)e(cu)ggҊʹg(du)ĻҲ̎̎ȻŇ(gu)Ļ뮔(dng)ȻTɴe(cu)
a(chn)ʮo(j)˼зcM(jn)δ(jng)vʷ(yn)(g)c(din)һҲˇ(f)dԁĻy(tng)?yn)@NcM(jn)˼mo(j)҇(gu)ĻӢзЇ(gu)ĻҪڱJ(rn)ͬHе, ߀O(sh)҇(gu)δ(hu)(bio)
ڱr(sh)Ψһ˿y(tng)(ni)l(f)\(yn)(dng)˺c(hu)ν(jng)(j)}SҪ_ʼLj(chng)y(tng)Ļ^ϵy(tng)Ć\(yn)(dng)ԻSĻxͣD(du)AĻď(f)dԣ@ӵͣD͔Ѵ_˂æĻ(qun)ĸ(jng)(j)oϾ(hu)r(ji)ֵwϵĸ׃@һӆ}@r(sh)Ӣ(gu)(jng)ڣġM(jn)\(yn)(dng)progressive movementc_˹(new deals)r(sh)_(ti)T෨(hu)ìܣ{(dio)˄YP(gun)ϵ(hu)Č(du)ŝuڅƽ͡Ӱ(hu)낀(g)o(j)֮õǷN(sh)ȺwķѺͱ(du)ּļM(jn)˼ͽMuʧչAĻȦĹI(y)(hu)õm(x)҇(gu)һĻєѣⲿش׃ѲٞЇ(gu)ĻӢP(gun)ע?yn)ҷ]҇(gu)¸ƳɹI(lng)fĻKڌOɽġy(tng)һY܊,Ӗ(xn),ľ·D͡һ(g)xһ(g)hһ(g)I(lng)[9]Ăy(tng)ģʽУЇ(gu)vʷ_ʼһܶ(f)ʼĸijQòM(jn)(zhn)r(sh)҇(gu)һΌ(du)(ni)ĸ(du)_ŵĴĻʹoЇ(gu)M(jn)W(xu)|uг̾ʹֹ
ʮo(j)ڵo(j)~90҇(gu)W(xu)|uĵһAǰ(g)r(sh)ڽ(jng)^˵Ċ^Qvдԉm^u(png)ҊҊԞwϿl(f)չҲHɹ
, ʹЇ(gu)(hu)ĻD(zhun)͡ƶ(d)ó̳ҊЇ(gu)|(zh)ɂ(g)ǰ嶼L(zhng)M(jn)ΣăɷNĻҎ(gu)Ɂν(jng)vĻ, ƶĻ, ^Ļ(g)M(jn)£ĻB(ti)(sh)_黱çһʹ(gu)J(rn)R(sh)҇(gu)ԝhr(nng)Դ^Ļɵr(nng)I(y)(jng)ͬϵ^зeɵĂy(tng)ĻW(xu)(x)@NĻXѳĸO˕r(sh)ڰ(hu)׃ʼKõ(hu)hɵJ(rn)ͬmȻ@ӢĻϵx_µ(hu)(bio)ϴģcƫĻЧ(yng)ֻTh(hu)ِĻ^w߀OЇ(gu)(hu)B(ti)h(hun)̫^ֲĻNϵ˱Ļď(qing)ųcơ㏊(qing)֮ǡֲ˻҇(gu)еc(qun)Ăy(tng)I(y)a(chn)׃˹k̺kć(gu).ǷNϣFƽ(g)Aׅf(xi)ĸˢǵĻԲOSIJϧݚa(chn)Ա(qun)ȡ֮Ăy(tng)R(sh)ښvʷ^̎L(fng)
19081916g҇(gu)һȳF(xin)εC(j)Ϻ(yn)ꡢ߀ЌOSҊҊպܳɞйhTėȶDԬPQǰV͢Čƶdzڌ(du)(gu)wͷ(hu)e˳Ұӑһt(gu)˿ھƾ֪w֮ʹnj(du)nj(sh)зČ(sh)|(zh)J(rn)R(sh)Ȝ\(dng)ȻԬmSĸ˅L(zhng)c볯(zhn)Сվһ·{ҡϵλ^(jng)v̈́(sh)ɱԸܑ̓ԹžypҎ(gu)tҰoԵЇ(gu)עˮ(dng)r(sh)ʩεDyձξSܳЃc(din)c҇(gu)ͬһ(qing)Ļ(sh)(qing)ʵę(qun)h(yun)Ї(gu)ʵ˼^wϵĴһy(tng)ڶձM(jn)롰mW(xu)r(sh)[7]r(sh)]зЧЇ(gu)wáģʽԡÓW(hu)(bio)]҇(gu)h@NҞĺr(sh)ڡıخĻY(ji)̫ԹžW(xu)(x)ĻđB(ti)^_õľȫW(xu)(du)ʵcЇ(gu)˲ͬ\(chng)֮Ӣ(gu)˲J(rn)(gu)ƵòʴWތW(xu)(x)r(sh)Ӣ(gu)ׄ(chung)ľ(gu)wλ(qun)w(gu)(hu)hTxw(gu)˺VŌĻ
W(xu)ĻɵĔ
ͬһĻϵy(tng)У^y(tng)cy(tng)֮gϴڛ_ͻĻ^_ͬģt㲻ܻm(yng)L(zhng)ڹ̎һġߡ(q)ʹӶԷ٣³ɺ܄(chung)ƶ֮@ͬһNĻϵy(tng)o(qing)ߵľ䌍(sh)(dng)r(sh)Ї(gu)cɷNʽyڽy(tng)һę(qun)ܱ˺֮ʸɾӢԵαؓ(f)չ_(ni)(qun)R(sh)Ñ{vʷTԣꐄمǏVֱP(yng)ײϧݚ(hu)a(chn)ͬijQ(hu)ĻԲ׃ĵĹȦ?sh)һ?jng)DЇ(gu)(hu)ĻĿ(bio)ĻӢܿͱһ(w)(sh)ξӢȡ
Tʷ(sh)C˺Ї(gu)ɴμȺg(sh)ʮĶԹxϸǸ(zhn)cg(sh)֮(zhng)nj(du)(hu)(bio)Ҋ(gu)hhT
Ϻa(chn)xСM鹲a(chn)hһhV
S܊Уλβйhռ
a(chn)(gu)H_͢ߪόOɽĽM(gu)hһίTйa(chn)h^֮һᓣëɖ|ֲλвL(zhng)ȸߌ(w)
hK鷶ȡKʲS˵ijб(dng)
YʌOʿF(tun)LKr(sh)a(chn)hKĵĹa(chn)(gu)HԮI(lng)(do)
hߌʿŮW(xu)K(lin)KB(yng)c
ͬյĚvʷP(gun)^(gu)hɴκ
ʹ_(ti)ɰΌ(du)ŕr(sh)J(rn)w(du)ϺTuYëλĬl(f)ȾC@ɂ(g)ξӢȺ(hu)Ŀ(bio)ˮ
猢һ(hu)ӢOSȞڶYëȵӢЃɂ(g)Ļֲڹʇ(gu)ČĻ(hu)W(xu)W(xu)(du)y(tng)ĻзyԽ
¸ƵyԴ_µ(hu)Ŀ(bio)R(sh)ܡеt^֧䣬ԼM(jn)xܞ(w)d҇(gu)ͬČW(xu)Ͽ͵Ļڂy(tng)ĻПo˻ȱA(j)ՓcЇ(gu)Ļӡ̫ɼҷƻؚwν(jng)^ǂ(g)@һӢ˼ؚwձģʽ
(dng)fY̌ϵ˂˸ȫȼ(j)͌^sδ^
Yx֮ОҎ(gu)ʎȻo浫ܡ`(gu)(hu)r(ji)ֵȡ͇(gu)ūԅsȻ
Ԓȡʹ҇(gu)Ļdwˎָź(gu)ֽZ(y)wwą^(q)eZ(y)挦(du)^fظţ(yng)ѩ
Z(y)w\ᘌ(du)Ǵǡ߸ǧ(yng)ʹÕr(sh)(du)ӢZ(y)ĪˡӢӹ֮ƫ(zh)һһζԒHW(xu)ϵG֮I߀(sh)˲R(sh)ӛʹ(gu)ʧӰKֹAĂصӡfHݡǕr(sh)ֵAĻD(zhun)·t̽ǰo˵ĵ·(f)sr(sh)goĻF(xin)ƫȻzoɺǰεĻɵôʧֻǚvʷKδȫ@ɴ
K(lin)Ļv.
(zhn)r(sh)(gu)HσɷNR(sh)ΑB(ti)(du)ıЇ(gu)(hu)M(jn)o(j)к{(zhn)ĵĽ(chng)ζԹSëһf(xi)(hu)hK(lin)һ߅[10]ǰ҇(gu)ֲĻ(dng)(du)^wϵy(tng)(q)(hu)Ǖr(sh)(du)_ŵij̶ȿǰӴֻl(f)_(d)(gu)׃ֻ(du)ѪͬK(lin)Ҫ(gu)¶هK(lin)ָ(do)˹֕r(sh)Ă(g)˳ݡơؑ(zhn)öӋ(j)(jng)(j)Ƚ̗lģʽȫPֲЇ(gu)(qun)QԭM顰AKS(hu)x(gu)ֱ_(gu)ǰϦf(xi)(hu)̕r(sh)(jng)҇(gu)һ(g)ΌW(xu)TʿhF(xin)ɴ˿֪(dng)r(sh)ľӢ(du)͡(gu)w֮oJ(rn)R(sh)ԞK(lin)ģʽҲ(gu)
@Nģ֡(gu)(gu)֮_(gu)֮?jng)mFѬ֚Wڽ̸Ă(g)˱λε(gu)ǰ100ε(hu)(sh)`(du)fr(sh)W(hu)Ĺ^⽨wȻĴɴ֑(fears)һǺڡ´ꑡF(xin)뼯(qun)ʧѽ(jng)(sh)ʩһʮĵطΙ(qun)Ǽ(qun)F(xin)ʽ(qing)˶γɂ(g)˪(d)ѭˡ(sh)ٝɡ11ԭt(chung)˹͵ć(gu)w(dng)r(sh)(du)(gu)ԓúηNwҲ(jng)^ʮ(lin)Ƶ_ڃɂ(g)ֺ֑(sh)(qun)ҵƽc(din)áƺ⡱ՓČW(xu)Է֙(qun)ԭty(tng)һĴ(gu)͵ط(lin)ݸԼę(qun)γɹ(qun)p܉Ž^뼯(qun)_εƶwϵQ˵һ(g)֑ͬr(sh)(j)ę(qun)һ֞˾(g)ϵy(tng)(qun)Č(sh)|(zh)ÿ(g)ϵy(tng)иԪ(d)ę(qun)ÿ(g)ϵy(tng)ę(qun)ܳ^ϵy(tng)κϵy(tng)ֹϵy(tng)`Оƺķʽֹ(g)˪(d)Qĵڶ(g)֑(chung)һ(g)µwʽԳđʽ̶Ķl(f)չ(hu)һ(g)ƽ͇(gu)w鱣C(qun)ΡO(sh)˃ɵITʹć(gu)L(zhng)ξðЇ(gu)ĻcϡĻءc@Ȼ@NՓc(sh)`Ļy(tng)yԞϲôһy(tng)(gu)˽
o(j)҇(gu)^_Ƶ(hu)Ļ(bio)߀ijɹĚvʷC(j)vʷzɽú]y(tng)ĻU档ƵľӢ˼̫һ˂y(tng)Ļď(f)w֮;o(d)ż(c(din)̎xһ(y))
췴r(sh)MǻҪfȼ(j)ϵy(tng)ÄٺԼӸߵAӺXЇ(gu)@ͦ־hâ׃K(lin)R(sh)ΑB(ti)֧(du)](du)ԭM(jn)Ļһų҂ָ(do)˼RxҲĻ, A(j)W(xu)fcҵȼ(j)^͌ՓcЇ(gu)ľƺr(nng)ƵĂy(tng)ơĻϵy(tng)ġƽȲۡ^돈֮fġwξӢĺ͏UfY̵ҕ鷴⽨ѹʇ(gu)ĻСеٺͱĂy(tng)һԪăr(ji)ֵ^顰ЌW(xu)ıw^вl(f)չѽ־ʿĺԸ(f)K(lin)Ļ@NwýY(ji)Ї(gu)F(xin)(hu)һ(g)cЇ(gu)y(tng)ĻĻͬ(hu)Ŀ(bio)K(lin)ϴĽ҂졣uγһNµIJвĻy(tng)
K(lin)Ļ҇(gu)ʮgγɵ(hu)B(ti)Ȧc(din)еĻ^
ɏһL(zhng)ɘȍu˹ϳʮf(wn)h(yun).݆
1952Ժϵ{(dio)W(xu)K(lin)B(yng)ŵģʽڽڞoa(chn)A(j)η(w)ca(chn)ڄ(dng)Y(ji)ϡB(yng)f(wn)ЌW(xu)
w(gu)w棺˴f(xi)C(j)(gu)KO(sh)òQ
M]gxeʥһƱr(nng)(lin)
(gu)H棺ԮԮԽ۷(gu)Hվoѝ֧ԮR(sh)ΑB(ti)ć(gu)һ(gu)b^˳ϯeߌһ١x֮̎ˮ҂?ni)ţ?br>a(chn)P(gun)ϵġ˽ϠI(yng)巴M(j)硢(j)һ(g)·һtkF곬Ӣs
l(wi)ÿa(chn)Zf(wn)側kFW(xu)cW(xu)կ
vA(j)(zhng)A(j)ɷ҃Aվ(wn)(chng)ޡĸ
˼^һ¿
ğoÑ(zhn)ʿ
L(fng)ӡӸ׆hܡW(yng)
ČW(xu)AΒ쎛˽
y(tng)ُ(gu)y(tng)NYϰK(lin)ķ䷽ʽl(xing)Ԫч(gu)˷֞ɷNԇ(gu)ҼZľÿ¼Zʳʮ߽ʳăƷăɡǶ
ʳr(nng)ZĴto˷ָ(bio)ȫD^Zϲ˜yr(sh)ڡ˿ڽǧf(wn)˂ϡˮ˴ˡW(xu)(x)˯ݽY(ji)ϣÿ˾l(f)Ʊųһɶp¾{Ʊُ(gu)I^װ㟟Ʊ
h(ni)(zhng)Џ]ɽ(hu)hǧ˴(hu)
ȫ(gu)W(xu)܊5.16֪ͨˌʮȫ(hu)tl(wi)(lin)fпëϯğoa(chn)A(j)˾YһL(fng)췴Ɉ(bo)һՓoa(chn)A(j)l^m(x)ľW(xu)f(wn)۟oy(tng)h(yun)Ŵh¡֧܊(lin)˽|t푏ȫ(gu)ɽһƬt֪R(sh)ɽl(xing)߸У˃|ݰ˃|˂(g)ӰA(j)(du)顢΄(sh)СԽԽˎĸٷļfѵ˽(jng)(j)߅
ĸ_źŻXз(sh), СѰl(f)չʮ
30҇(gu)(hu)ɲǰF(tun)Y(ji)Cl(f)չʶdA(hu)B(ti)ֻگL(zhng)(du)n(zhn)Խ(zhn)(du)(ni)A(j)(zhng)ҿo˼R(sh)A(j)(hu)ҕĻҕԶ˞Hԁy·o(j)ʮĻ@ߍѵȾՓþ̣cʩֱƽʥM(jn)ИС17и˾Ŵ\(yn)(dng)tlj(mng)оԾʾ֪R(sh)L(fng)\(yn)(dng)CѸĐͽL(fng)ͽԪ(lin)ңܓP(yng)ܵĻ˴TH
ܶӻƵ(w)(sh)ëҕ顰ðM(jn)͇(gu)֮λc(din)ϿcʩԴ˺ಽڅ[12]L(zhng)
(dng)ëɖ|(g)˙(qun)u֮r(sh),1956K(lin)͖|W(g)˳⡣1957δȾI䱾˷Q֮顰(yng)\ķҴW(wng)²x_¡r(sh)(ch)ƽ\(yn)(dng)ĽMߺյķYTࡱʿʮf(wn)֪R(sh)ӱMW(wng)
(g)侮ʯʷϵо(c)Ĵ˺hĻʿs֪R(sh)ӵĪ(d)˸ԱMʧ(hu)ʼʼwoR(sh)
1959꣬]ɽ(hu)hͻ׃܊Rһ(j)نTоxӰжU֮L(fng)ë^ďJڡ]ɽ(hu)ho(j)(sh)һгʹf,h(ni)c֪Դ˱ժ
Ĵ׃ĸ
҇(gu)o(j)ʮ~_֡ëϯ뱧h(ni)ǧ˴(hu)pZ(du)3t˵ɵȫ(gu)ԼpԼta(b)(ni)±ʾwͬr(sh)_ʼһI(lng)(do)Ŀ鮐Iʹ֮ʧ֮1964\(yn)(dng)gֱԪλߙ(qun)@, (zhn)(j)I(yng)ȫ(hu)(g)˳ݵĿՇ
˹֮(dng)邀(g)˼(qun)C֮һKίTK܊I(lng)҇(gu)ĸЃλԪ70λ_(gu)܊m178λ˴ίT(c)ͬȔ(sh)Ŀ췴^M(jn)hˡëϯğoa(chn)A(j)˾ҦԪġu(png)T١5.16֪ͨ_Ļꐲ_(d)һġMһţl(f)Ay(tng)Yf߳Ļ
tl(wi)ǰ_(ti)˵һɡдol(f)o족ļʽǡDZP_ǰĻ@NʧԵġoηKڏҕĻߵ˴ݚĻ
1966ꡰ818_ʼ찲T8νҊtl(wi)ͬr(sh)߄(dng)˴BԔy(j)hĽMC(j)(gu)h(ni)(j)ɲ
19671ĵġһL(fng)_ʼ췴ɊZ(qun)
İ˂(g)Ӱ˃|˳˰꣨߀ϲg͑
Ɉ(bo)һՓ{(dio)Dzȫ(gu)Դ˱_(d)Oָ
ʮ겻_h(hu),ʮ겻ӹY
W(xu)ͣk1968һW(xu)(q)ȥVأ
и(j)ɲУ
͇(gu)̓B͇(gu)ϯҲĩܱȫ@λӰr(sh)ëI(xin)ٳëh(ni)ߟoϵĂ(g)˙(qun)ڷI(lng)(do)Ķֵ^ʳKڳ˚_Ĺ»ꡣĄZЄ(dng)fԒę(qun)ֱ{ĶֻǕ(hu)h(bo)I(lng)䡰Ȧ醡ļɿݛՓ͈(zh)߂(g)˺(j)fһ挦(du)Ⱥߕr(sh)҇(gu)ǡ^ǧxҲ]f(wn)ﰣɑz@͇(gu)ĵһȻ](jng)κΌг(gu)ԪzwĵӛľȻ܊oI(y)mu, ˷
ʮǰ(hu)a(chn)ԭTӵľ҇(gu)؝hԁeγɵҾ(qun)(g)ˌȼ(j)ƵȂy(tng)ĻĻ]и׃(qun)Ļ^ٹKƵΨһ׃ëϯĂ(g)־c(qun)(g)ŵĹh(hun)ʹ˼o֮Խڑh֮(g)˲ٿؽMӋ(j)e˶لȯֹ(qun)(sh)ʧ߲һ߿I(xin)ĵÌҳūџoΣw֮ʧ^֮`IJٿw֮ʹ֮ʹh֮ʹQǂ(g)кÉĵıϲ
cǬF(xin)Ї(gu)һŵεČ(dng)r(sh)҇(gu)F(xin)I(y)꣬̿ƕQһۺ҇(gu)һ(g)⽨ѱƷ(qun).J(rn)ѸKY(ji)ʮT錢܊(q)峯d۳mʮĩ@λĩ(yng)ʌm(jng)(zhn)I(yng)D(zhun)(yng)(zhn)I(yng)1959걻ëɞ鹫ٶӾ(dng)귴⽨ëϽǣ.߃xĂ(g)\(yn)Qλ݆ˇ(gu)\(yn)֮ʹʷR,ͽĸﲩ^낀(g)o(j)ڕr(sh)(sh)fԒ࣬ԣDZĉ̩İϴ(hu)Ҳӳż(sh)ǰȰ`ǰ¡\(chng)ĉ̩@һһЦԷ
Q҇(gu)(hu)Ļ܉EL(fng)H(hu)(du)F(xin)Ї(gu)(hu)鵜Kң(du)턓(chung)ʹĪ^ʮ(ni)y(gu)ˌ(du)ǡ᠖sֻoՄЦgz˚vʷνµć(gu)
---------------------
(1). 塷 Ї(gu)ʷYϡ1980 A
(2)(gu)֮ʢӑ
(3)О?jin)?yn)(f)
(4)mꐪ(d)ѸYʯ
(5)Ї(gu)ʷYϡ Ї(gu)ƌW(xu)Ժ܌W(xu)(hu)W(xu)vʷо 1978
(6)[12]Peter Watson An Intellectual History of the 20th century Harper Collins Publishers 2006
7ձξSǰmӰ푌W(xu)(x)WĻʷQmW(xu)r(sh)
8uh(hun) ӰЇ(gu)(hu)100NgЇ(gu)(du)ⷭg湫˾ 1996
910ëɖ| ȫ(gu)f(xi)һһȫw(hu)ϵvԒ
11John Locke On government Peoples History Oxford University Press 1955
12ָӻ֡ơ
13J]ɽ(hu)ho(j)(sh)
The Index of the Beginning of the Process of the Western Culture Draw Into China ,1860-1980
Song Chun-chien
Key words:Westernization production Democratic system New learning
And Con-Confucianism Revolution lead by two parties Culture of mod of
Soviet Union
It is the 1st macro study on the society and the culture of contemporary China. From very beginning of the terrible changes of the situation of Chinese ancient culture facing the western culture from the European countries entering into China gradually and gave much influence to it .Many historical events such as Westernization Movement in 1860s ,the political reformation at the late of Qing government,New Culture Movement civil wars and the relationship between Komingtang and CPCtill the Proletarian revolution are mentioned and analysed.Affirmimg the melting process of the two kinds of cultures from the goods and materials, systems and social ideology step by step. Pointing out the Social Fascism from S.U.has just been a root of troubles for Chinese society more than 30 years and resistance for the reformation and obstruction at present.
c(din)x