(gu)cP(gun)ϵ
l(f)rg:2020-06-12 Դ: ĬЦԒ c
cǃɷNͬMΑB(ti)^ȥһo(j)УһЩشĚvʷF(xin)oһض漰cP(gun)ϵ{(dio)ЇĬF(xin)M(jn)cP(gun)ϵ(jng)vһć̲l(f)չ^@(bio)־cƽĻP(gun)ϵĽЇF(xin)M(jn)ṩͰl(f)չĿgF(xin)İl(f)չҪ(gu)ҡЈԻP(gun)ϵ
һcP(gun)ϵČW(xu)͎Nģʽ
İl(f)W(xu)ĽǶȁvԹͬ|(zh)Yϵa(chn)A(ch)(lin)ϵͬw܄Ժ̈́(chung)ԵĂĻ(gu)ɆλĻ܄tǞ@Щ˵a(chn)ṩҪĿgɼCֹ(chung)ҪνMλ܊졢ͥO(jin)zȘ(gu)l(f)չһAεĮa(chn)DZʾ@˲ɽQìў鲻{(dio)͵Č֟o[Ó@Щʹ@Щ棬@Щ(jng)(j)滥_ͻAڟo^ĶаԼ磬ҪһN{֮ϵ@N(yng)(dng)͛_ͻћ_ͻڡķԃ(ni)
@NЮa(chn)Ծ֮ϲͬÓxLJҡ[1]ćQʷcP(gun)ϵһ_ʼͲǺC֮gһ̶ȵľo
cP(gun)ϵӑՓΌW(xu)еĽc֮һϣDrڇҼҵĬF(xin)cQ˼ʹD@ӂ˼Ҳ]Rcкβͬ˽˾oܵؽY(ji)һˡһN΄@ӵД^˹_R˽wϵУѽ(jng)_Ҏ(gu)һЄeν(gu)˽˿g邀˲θA(y)Īɕrڵ˼҄tஔ(dng)_J(rn)RcǃɷNͬʽĽMڻ˹˺ͱRȽx܌W(xu)ķǴڇҵġġڻڇҡԼҙ(qun)Դǰl(f)ƔQƼsҵĽY(ji)ՓڸtJ(rn)o˷ķNNȱֻͨ^Ҳ܌@ЩȱԼmҸR˼ͨ^ڸ܌W(xu)к͌Yxоѱڸc·ҵP(gun)ϵC^R˼J(rn)ԏćҮa(chn)ԁѳcɲ
cеIJ֮Ī(gu)Ɍy(tng)һwόӽһЕr(gu)ɇҵĻA(ch)Լκ^όӽĻA(ch)
Ї˼ʷcP(gun)ϵгɞP(gun)עcĬF(xin)A(ch)cćcuxԪģʽͬڂy(tng)ЇΙ(qun)B͔UһI(lng)ț]_·һ(qun)^Ҳڪ˽˻I(lng)(jng)(j)L̎ڇҵĻ\С@Nr^(sh)ЇҪǰx(w)Ǚ(qun)؟(z)Ĵڡmָģږ|Ҿһ
һδĻyȺ [2]
o(j)70_ʼͬҏr(nng)I(y)D(zhun)͞鹤I(y)İl(f)չ·ƌW(xu)һоF(xin)˼F(xin)һx׃һNRΑB(ti)һNP(gun)ϵY(ji)(gu)F(xin)RΑB(ti)һNٝPɺ͙(qun)ČW(xu)fP(gun)ϵY(ji)(gu)t漰cP(gun)ϵؘ(gu)W(xu)猦cP(gun)ϵоcP(gun)ϵஔ(dng)(f)sfP(gun)ϵٴ@ӎNģʽ[3]
һNǡҡģʽ@NģʽֿԷQ֮ƌʽļ(qun)x@NģʽУҙ(qun)߶ȼҏVBĸI(lng)ĶȡMеĵλĸ֮ǰһЩҺ͵^(q)ne¼̩_wԚw@Nģʽ^ΌW(xu)ҲRˌ@NcP(gun)ϵģʽnje۵ΣCķ(yng)ǚvʷy(tng)£@ЩҺ͵^(q)ஔ(dng)LĕrgڇҵČόЧĽy(tng)[4]
ڶNǡҡģʽ@Nģʽcǣҵ^ƌӹřCԂP(gun)ϵA(ch)I(y)֪RȱؔYԴs挦cͬӏȻȇҸ
NԼ]Եıo(h)W(wng)j(lu)Ȃy(tng)˂ռ(j)֧λګ@ê֮ȇwԚw@NģʽĵˮƽȱʹҺyָ(do)(jng)(j)LҸP(gun)ĵǾSֽy(tng)ξӢę(qun)
Nǡҡģʽ@NģʽcҵȺwҲ@NģʽЃɷNwͣһNīӡȇڽ(jng)(j)l(f)չ̎һNͻĵλͬr挦߶ȽMԼ(jng)(j)ȺwһNl(f)_(d)Ј(jng)(j)^ƶ͈(zh)ߵMij̶Ҳஔ(dng)ߣ܉ԏĵλcƶȿ֮(ni)M(jn)ЌԒ
ķNǡҡģʽ˂áһPɢɳԓģʽ@NģʽУȱٰl(f)_(d)Ĺϵy(tng)ҲȱٞF(xin)A(ch)Al(f)ij̶^ԼεҲyγһЩއҴwԚw@Nģʽ
һfvʷȆӬF(xin)M(jn)̵ćңWңF(xin)M(jn)ʽ¶ϵF(xin)ҪƄgǁӋ͏ƣڇcP(gun)ϵl(f)չңңĬF(xin)ڰl(f)_(d)ҵʾЧ(yng)]Еrgȴ(ni)l(f)ֻ䮔(dng)F(xin)M(jn)̵M(jn)ʹìF(xin)M(jn)϶µM(jn)ڇcP(gun)ϵԇҞģ̎ڇȫ֮ȱҵЧƶȻƼs
SF(xin)l(f)չ(jng)(j)ʧՓF(xin)һЩµᷨ¶ϵİl(f)չӵİl(f)չ˞ĵİl(f)չl(f)չČćD(zhun)һЩҽ(jng)ϵIJƽcȱąc½ͽ(jng)(j)Чʵ͵ҪԭSR˂ڇ֮ԽԽע[5]
̲ĸ_ǰcP(gun)ϵ
vʷW(xu)ָЇćһN족ăAF(xin)ΙCƺ͏ز(bio)־@Nƶȡ족_ʼؽy(tng)һһϵԾSo(h)뼯(qun)Ŀĵƶ翤hĽy(tng)һٵy(tng)һķ܊O(sh)Լɷٕ_ʼČRΑB(ti)Ŀ@NƵۇƶȿУcP(gun)ϵDzƽģ]аl(f)չԼĪI(lng)ȱԽM
]аl(f)չѳкl(xing)һĽy(tng)һЈl(xing)Ȼ(jng)(j)ҪM@ӣl(f)_(d)ć挦džһwr(nng)I(y)ͷѡܛЈ[6]
vʷza(chn)^ߺ1949ЇڻόF(xin)I(lng)Ľy(tng)һЧȫ(ni)_ę(qun)@ĸŤD(zhun)fƬ(zhn)ԁքʎ(qun)oɢľЇѸٵ~_ˬF(xin)O(sh)IJ
ڇcP(gun)ϵl(f)˲ͬڔ(sh)ǧvʷĸ׃_ʼˡҸ\ʹҙ(qun)ǰκΚvʷrڶߝBԺw
I(lng)ҌĸǏĸ׃AY(ji)(gu)_ʼġͨ^ظĸx̘I(y)ȴʩڵĹAr(nng)AYa(chn)AСYa(chn)A@ČӴAY(ji)(gu)һԪɘOY(ji)(gu)ȡ^һԪָǟoa(chn)AɘOtָAr(nng)A
߲njģǴ˟oa(chn)AIJͬoɆ@NһԪɘOY(ji)(gu)ca(chn)hI(lng)(do)µϵˇcP(gun)ϵʹwćcw(yng)pٻwˇc֮gֱӛ_ͻЇ@QfAY(ji)(gu)ĸ׃˽ѪؾA(ch)С屇Ҽ(zhn)}b}[7]ɞӆTϵЄ
ڽ(jng)(j)I(lng)ҌĸˌЇл\Ӌ(jng)(j)w߀r(nng)Ľ(jng)(j)MλΙ(qun)Uǰδ|Ĵf֮ĶяVr(nng){뵽ҹĿ֮ڃǧδش׃r(nng)fĺoһصؽ̡\˼ͥa(chn)ܣһN͵ij(qun)_ʼγȡ˂y(tng)ؓ(f)؟(z)幫(w)l(f)M܉ЧӆTļwЄһwƵĽCΙ(qun)M(jn)һ@r(nng)a(chn)ȻB(ti)ӋĹȡZʳa(chn)Ľy(tng)ُy(tng)NЈ؛ŵʹ÷ʹҿͨ^rYԴr(nng)D(zhun)ƵI(y)ͳлĽO(sh)С
ڳеĽ(jng)(j)Mλ^γһNQ֮顰λơķdzصĽMϵy(tng)еоλcеǷN܆һĹԽM@ͬ[8]λЇҵɳC(gu)C(gu)ĺxͨ^λ@һMеijɆTλɆTMҲں̶ܴζҵ
cͬrڑ(zhn)ѽ(jng)γɵġ֧BϡĽMԭtµĚvʷµõM(jn)һď׃?yu)hһԪI(lng)(do)@ӵһNMԭt֮£ʹĽMϵy(tng)ӵĽMɞ(zh)h־wF(xin)ć־Ĺ
(jng)^ġȡI(lng)(do)Ҏ(gu)׃ßoڣotɞһķ̖ЇcߵP(gun)ϵʬF(xin)O˵ġҡģʽ@NģʽУ(jng)(j)ПoÛں̶ܴ̲Hѽ(jng)]һĴoՓr(nng)匦йI(y)ṩֵ֧ġ߀njճԱMܵ߷eʵġվoѝfˇƶԼĿ(bio)ĕrďĿܺͷ@NƶȿΡ(jng)(j)ϵy(tng)߶دBԱҌYԴM(jn)ֱӵĉŔࡣ@YԴHָa(chn)YҲеסYճƷĹ(yng)Լ͘I(y)șCYԴQԒfҲHɞa(chn)YϵĉŔҲYϵİl(f)(qun)
ҡģʽmȻڽQЇRνwΣCę(qun)m(yng)ڵԔUҎ(gu)ģ(ni)ݵI(y)ԓģʽȫҙC(q)˼S̈́(chung)»Ϣȫλڅ΄ӆTֹӋЈoĸϽQ(jng)(j)LcƽқQca(chn)ЧcMӻȬF(xin)ìܡڹڅ(f)sĬF(xin)(jng)(j)r]Ј֧֣mȻȡAԳɹoCcЈĿɳm(x)Ի
ңһҙC(q)ȜporȱԵͽY(ji)(gu)ӲĽ(jng)(j)͕ya(chn)һNΡ(jng)(j)wΣCĻY(ji)ĕr@NcP(gun)ϵģʽѽ(jng)ߵԼıM^
l(f)չĸ_źcP(gun)ϵ
1978_ʼĸĸ_ʹЇl(f)̵׃˲ĿЇ(ni)(c̎xһ)
I(lng)ڜp(jng)(j)I(lng)I(lng)uLҡģʽl(f)˾׃ӵطɰRΑB(ti)ڃ(ni)Ŀƣ{(dio)Լę(qun)\нɫl(f)չЈ(jng)(j)ͨ^ȫдεڃ(ni)ĸƶȻO(sh)_ԼcƽĻP(gun)ϵo(j)70ĩr(nng)ĸ_ŞʼҏČr(nng)o̎ڵĿƠB(ti)д̤غԴ˽Q(wn)ĶͳɱĿϵy(tng)r(nng)֧
r(nng)tԱCҵUͳГ(dn)(jng)I؟(z)QصLʹÙ(qun)D(zhun)(qun)аU֮YԴ˽a(chn)(qun)Լr(nng)YԴIJֻȫЙ(qun)ڸ׃˵ćcr(nng)P(gun)ϵıoՓr(nng)а(jng)Iĵؙ(qun)ƶȣ߀ǹ̽Ҫo(h)˽ؔa(chn)ޑζcP(gun)ϵҪD(zhun)׃
F(xin)I(lng)(gu)I(lng)(jng)(j)I(lng)I(lng)[9]вͬĻwͬĽMĿ(bio)ͬI(lng)ĻwLJһMҪṩŔԵġa(chn)Ʒ˾⽻(jng)(j)I(lng)ĻwЈаIM骚a(chn)(jng)II(y)̈́ڄ߂Ҫṩ˽ˮa(chn)Ʒ·XסI(lng)ַQI(lng)ĻwF(tun)ͥ͂ҪṩljŔԵġa(chn)ƷY(ji)Hl(wi)Ļrֵ_ڬF(xin)I(lng)^ߵԻұ˴֮gСQġӰºͰ{(dio)I(lng)֮gġӵcهP(gun)ϵ[10](gu)ҡЈԻP(gun)ϵͳˇҾЬF(xin)Եĸ(bio)־
o(j)ʽgF(tun)ӿF(xin)Լc֮(lin)ϵĹI(lng)ĔUijL̶ܴǹٷңƄӵĽY(ji)һ[11]ĸ_źcP(gun)ϵD(zhun)׃IJѴҲLJҷɹƄӵĽY(ji)҂l(f)F(xin)ҌЈđB(ti)кܴIJͬҲ]зeOƄfГ(dn)SĹ҇c֮gȱЧ(lin)Y(ji)M_(d)棬pҌ˵ֱӉSM^ԽM׃N
Ј҄tȡHˑB(ti)ř(qun)ĸ^wƣM(jn)Ͱl(f)չЈC׃ӋCһy(tng)µĸ֡cP(gun)ϵD(zhun)׃ڽ(jng)(j)I(lng)ҪI(lng)øȫ棬ص
ڽ(jng)(j)I(lng)r(nng)ĸﲻxr(nng)^xϵr(nng)I(y)(jng)I(qun)߀xr(nng)dkI(y)ę(qun)߀ԵȥXr(nng)ڏ½(jng)(j)ӵĕrǞϼI(lng)(do)_(d)ָʾǞ˽oԼٍX
֧ĄәCQЄӺIJǪЈr(nng)I(y)a(chn)(jng)IwƸĸ2|r(nng)I(y)ͥI(y)ʹĿн˳׃ЈĽ(jng)(j)(qun)ҪI(y)ĸʹI(y)@ԽԽĽ(jng)I(qun)ЈI(y)֧ҲԽԽĸmȻ]ʹI(y)@Ī]ʹȫɞЈę(qun)ҪsM(jn)ˡ_I(y)ĿcͬrYI(y)˽II(y)İl(f)չxHHԭеĆһ(jng)(j)µijɷҪ˽(jng)(j)I(lng)µЄQ֮ڡlڽM@еĽ(jng)(j)@һcϰl(f)˸׃Јڽ^x϶ڳm(x)Ķ̵ظ׃Ї(jng)(j)I(lng)ę(qun)
I(lng)ĸ_ʹЇ˵Ă˙(qun)@^İl(f)չ˂xסwl(xing)ɓI(y)˂ҲfeԒױO(jin)zGl(f)չֱӽY(ji)邀˵Ї˲ĸNijǏĿ֮½ų׃^xĹɹ(gu)ɵAӵĶԪt׃˂y(tng)AY(ji)(gu)I(lng)µġVΣc˙(qun)B(ti)F(tun)wý|(zh)wF(xin)c֮gP(gun)ϵ@ɢĂ˱Ȼ݆oO(jin)ֻнMܫ@cM(jn)ӑr߀rʹMľwʽǽY(ji)磬VĽM̈́ӆTx_VǷɽY(ji)ę(qun)ýǷӵę(qun)ДI(lng)Ƿеָ(bio)ĿǰһܵhC(gu)ć(yn)ƣЇF(tun)߀ȱ(yng)еĪԻȱaĴԣҲòɆTֺ֧͓o(h)ȱF(tun)Ҳ͛]YcM(jn)ӑr߀rϲ߂䅢һƶȿЛ]нogF(tun)_ĶλgF(tun)ȱвܰl(f)](yng)еʹһЩЈ(jng)(j)A(ch)γɵµě_ͻìȱ(yng)еĽQCڳڛ]дr(nng)F(tun)w@ȱf(xi){(dio)r(nng)cһI(y)P(gun)ϵĽMֶF(tun)ڵĸĿǞɆT`о̽Lԇṩֺ֧õĭh(hun)C_(d)l(wi)F(tun)P(gun)עͬĻLڵ}鹫ṩcl(f)չ֮gO(sh)ڹýoՓǿ^СϢϵЦԒ߀ǻ(lin)W(wng)ϵfUČW(xu)g(sh)uՓɵij̶^ǰ˺ܴw߀LJ(yn)ؿДl(f)̶ȵĹýҎ(gu)˱횡ʲô͡(zhn)ʲô
O(sh)ƶ
Sř(qun)Јҡģʽڽ(jng)(j)I(lng)ˡȥһؐR˹Z@һ|(zh)ԵD(zhun)׃ڽδЇfcP(gun)ϵ}ԺsηeOƄȫ昋(gu)ҡЈԻP(gun)ϵһи߶Ե乫ĽM^֮gĻP(gun)ϵҹl(f)չ^йSo(h)ĻӽMNʽ漯F(tun)g־ԸMԼɵɽY(ji)ЧطijЩˡC(gu)MEÙ(qun)C̩ԣ^ɽY(ji)磬܉ҽ(gu)҅f(xi){(dio)ں̶ܴϛQӰ푇ߵγ [12]п˾StJ(rn)νڽڂc֮gĪMF(tun)ĴڵĻA(ch)֮F(tun)ǵֿƵΨһP(gun)ڽY(ji)ĿƌW(xu)һпƌW(xu)֮ĸ[13]
չؐR˹fI(lng)?q)١I(lng)[14]I(lng)ǹM(jn)мwӵI(lng)F(tun)ǹM(jn)мwӵҪĽMʽԹI(lng)ӵę(qun)ǷӳcP(gun)ϵҪָ(bio)ڹI(lng)ȻijY(ji)ɡ߀]еõƶȻı߀oγcM(jn)ӑr߀rƼsĿǰƄ֮̎䌍ġY(ji)(qun)ġ(qun)@һP(gun)ڽO(sh)ƶȵĆ}S(jng)(j)wƵD(zhun)ͱԽԽP(gun)עcҿ֮gƽHһཻӑr߀r^̵ĽY(ji)
o(j)80ĩƶȽO(sh)ͣR(qun)ϷԵΣCl(f)չӲ(jng)(j)I(lng)ɿ@(qun)^(qun)㡱ĺϷΣCŵԾЇͨ^ͱ_(d)⡱ߡԸ@úϷԣҲͨ^Q˽^l(f)չձϷԵ҂l(f)F(xin)y(tng)RΑB(ti)ԒZҙ(qun)ΨһĺϷֻʣ½(jng)(j)L@һκΕrκ·(jng)(j)LԼĘOޣһF(xin)(jng)(j)L(jng)(j)ΣCô@ľݾͿܱסڽȫ(jng)(j)Lķֻ(do)(ni)w׃ӻ(zh)h棬һ㲻Ӱ푵ҙ(qun)ĺϷƶȲҪ(jng)(j)LʁƶȵĺϷĿǰЇ(jng)(j)wƸĸ(yn)˵춨ԭRΑB(ti)A(ch)ϵΙ(qun)ĺϷرwƸĸĆμЈɱذΙ(qun)ĺϷԵĻA(ch)(jng)(j)ˡfdzǵָһLڷeڽ(jng)(j)ͻȻȻ[һă(ni)ΣUٱ¶еġβ졯@N(jng)(j)ٰl(f)չcyԳ֮gďҷKʹdԸTˮ?x)ɞ?zi)yԵĽY(ji)屾Ľw [15]Ապİl(f)չCfĵκ͡Վɞ顰β족ͬx~Y(ji)ϣյ_(zhn)ɵ·
ڸĸ_^УЇʼKRһcP(gun)ϵ{(dio)}ݼ{M(jn)F(xin)İl(f)չ@һP(gun)ϵ{(dio)^ҪQĺĆ}θy(tng)ҵę(qun)ΑB(ti)ʹµĻA(ch)«@ºϷԲD(zhun)QɾЬF(xin)(do)ƶoƶȽO(sh)LJҫ@(qun)ϷԵĸ;mȻ|(zh)l(f)չijA|(zh)TAΕɞҙ(qun)ϷԵRr֧ǣ(dng)M(jn)܉e|(zh)õM֮˂P(gun)ĵT΅cι_cЧʡQߵȹˣɞ鮔(dng)κһұ֙(qun)ϷԶɵ΄(w)^ȥһo(j)ĵ˳C(dng)ЇƶȽO(sh)mȻȡһijɾcͽ(jng)(j)l(f)չҪ߀кܴIJңĿǰ߀Чʉl߂䡱Ȝ\J(rn)RͶҕО飻
l(f)չUɢЇF(xin)O(sh)a(chn)ƉһNܵĽY(ji)ScЈߵIJ^Ȼஔ(dng)̶ȵә(qun)ҳɞһN͵ĹŻƶȄ(chung)³ɞՄ徫ήҲ
һNǣڛ]α_(d)ͅcƶ\y_(d)ɹR(ni)ìܛ_ͻӄAӉŔΙ(qun)AӄtM(jn)ֶyԷ(wn)M(jn)Ї^ġL(fng)Uڂy(tng)пһֱ҂@ĵۇĻֶoǸЧؽO(sh)F(xin)ҵĿxĿǰl(f)F(xin)õļmeCƺf(xi){(dio)Co(j)40Їa(chn)hI(lng)䂃J(rn)R@һcҕϢĚvʷʡij·҂ѽ(jng)ҵ·҂܉@l·ֻO(jin)Ųиֻؓ(f)؟(z)ŲϢ [16]F(xin)ڽ(jng)^ʮİl(f)չ֧Ľ(jng)(j)l҂ҪǸҵ^܄Ժѵ
ЇĬF(xin)O(sh)ѽ(jng)һdzҎ(gu)rM(jn)뵽һҎ(gu)rڣĸ_ЌҴαtЩֵĆ}Ȼڽ(jng)(j)m(x)L@ʮҵĕrg(ni)挦cЈ(jng)(j)һϵcƶȰҪ@r_ʼO(sh)Ľ(jng)(j)lȻȻخa(chn)Ҫ
עጣ
[1]R˼˹xľ166
[2]R˼c硷̄(w)ӡ^1981115
[3]OƽЈ(jng)(j)^^еćԿܡd(zhn)c19964
[4]ERˣձͶĬF(xin)̄(w)ӡ^1984棬60
[5]ϡcMdƌW(xu)19991ڡ
[6] ɭ˹£ۇwơ199298
[7] (dng)ЇĻϺ1991103
[8]·L(fng)λһNMʽdЇƌW(xu)19891
[9][10][13][14] JCɽcһNՓо·뾎g199917919028123
[11] RvʷбԵһ퓩20o(j)Kݵd|19964
[12]ƽggCIVIL SOCIETYduՓ20012̖
[15] ꖣ塱duՓ20021̖
[16]SࣺӰwʷYϳ1982.148
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